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"Penelitian ini dirancang untuk menyelidiki perubahan biokimia pada manusia oleh akumulasi radikal bebas karena polusi udara. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 60 polisi desa yang terdiri atas 30 bukan perokok (kelompok I) dan 30 perokok (kelompok II); 30 polisi administratif perokok di Jakarta (kelompok III) dan 30 polisi lalu lintas perokok di Jakarta (kelompok IV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar malondialdehid plasma (MDA) kelompok I, II, III, dan IV adalah : 3.34 + 0.81 mmol/l; 4.28 + 0.77 mmol/l; 5.20 + 0.66 mmol/l dan 5.12 + 0.78 mmol/l yang secara statistik berbeda satu sama lainnya (p < 0.01), kecuali antar kelompok III dan IV. Aktivitas superoksida dismutase (SOD) dari kelompok-kelompok tersebut adalah : 16.75 + 9.80 U/mg protein; 22.83 + 6.82 U/mg protein; 26.10 + 8.50 U/mg protein dan 26.90 + 9.34 U/mg protein, yang berbeda secara statistik antara kelompok I terhadap kelompok lainnya (p < 0.05). Aktivitas katalase kelompok-kelompok tersebut adalah : 106.25 + 47.47 U/mg protein; 118.84 + 42.73 U/mg protein; 119.83 + 35.35 U/mg protein dan 145.57 + 61.85 U/mg protein. Terdapat perbedaan yang secara statistik bermakna antara kelompok I dan IV. Pemberian vitamin C (500 mg) dan E (300 mg) per hari selama 30 hari pada polisi dengan tingkat stres oksidasi yang tinggi menurunkan aktivitas SOD dari 27.34 + 10.05 U/mg protein menjadi 16.91 + 6.51 U/mg protein (p < 0.05) dan katalase dari 134.29 + 53.28 U/mg protein menjadi 67.07 + 25.26 U/mg protein (p < 0.05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa status oksidasi polisi kota lebih tinggi daripada polisi desa dan kombinasi vitamin C dan E dapat menurunkan sebagian stres oksidasi tersebut. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 77-80)

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This study was designed to investigate the biochemical alteration in human caused by free radical accumulation due to air pollution. The policemen recruited were 60 country policemen consisting of 30 non smokers (group I) and 30 smokers (group II); 30 smoking policemen with administrative work in Jakarta (group III) and 30 smoking traffic policemen from Jakarta (group IV). Our results show that the plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of groups I, II, III, IV, respectively were : 3.34 + 0.81 umol/l; 4.28 + 0.77 umol/l; 5.20 + 0.66 umol/l and 5.12 + 0.78 umol/l which were statistically different (p < 0.01) among each others, except between groups III and IV. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the groups respectively, were: 16.75 + 9.80 U/mg protein; 22.83 + 6.82 U/mg protein; 26.10 + 8.50 U/mg protein and 26.90 + 9.34 U/mg protein, which were statistically different (p < 0.05) between group I vs the other groups. The catalase activity of the groups respectively were : 106.25 + 47.47 U/mg protein; 118.84 + 42.73 U/mg protein; 119.83 + 35.35 U/mg protein and 145.57 + 61.85 U/mg protein. The statistical difference (p < 0.05) was found between group I & IV. Administration of vitamins C (500 mg) and E (300 mg) daily for 30 days to the policemen with high oxidant stress caused a decreased in the activities of SOD from 27.34 + 10.05 U/mg protein to 16.91 + 6.51 U/mg protein (p < 0.05) and catalase from 134.29 + 53.28 U/mg protein to 67.07 + 25.26 U/mg protein (p < 0.05). This study shows us that the oxidant status of city policemen was higher than that of rural policemen and that a combination of vitamins C & E could reduce the oxidant stress to a certain extent. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 77-80)"

"Penyakit ginjal kronik merupakan kerusakan fungsi ginjal yang ireversibel. Stres oksidatif merupakan salah satu faktor utama dalam perkembangan penyakit ginjal kronik. Terdapat beberapa agen terapeutik yang dapat digunakan untuk menekan stres oksidatif, diantaranya adalah antioksidan. Beberapa herbal telah menunjukkan efek antioksidan dan dapat digunakan sebagai agen terapeutik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji efikasi pemberian kombinasi Acalypha indica Linn pada dosis 200mg∙kgBB-1 dan Centella asiatica pada dosis 150mg∙kgBB-1 selama 3 hari, 7 hari, dan 14 hari untuk menekan stres oksidatif pada ginjal tikus Sprague dawley yang telah mengalami kondisi hipoksik selama 7 hari. Efek dari herbal ini akan dibandingkan dengan plasebo dan Pirasetam dengan dosis 50mg∙kgBB-1 selama 7 hari, serta tikus yang tidak mengalami hipoksia. Kadar malondialdehida (MDA) pada ginjal tikus tersebut digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat peroksidasi lipid. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian herbal ini menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (P<0.05) antara tikus yang diberikan kombinasi herbal ini selama 7 hari dengan tikus yang tidak mengalami hipoksia, tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok-kelompok tikus lain. Disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi Acalypha indica Linn dan Centella asiatica tidak mampu menurunkan kerusakan akibat peroksidasi lipid.

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Chronic kidney disease is the irreversible damage on kidney function. Oxidative stress is a major factor on the progression of chronic kidney disease. A number of therapeutic agents could be used to supress oxidative stress, such as antioxidants. Some herbals have been shown to have antioxidant property and could be used as therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a combined supplementation of Acalypha indica Linn at 200mg∙kgBW-1 and Centella asiatica at 150mg∙kgBW-1 for 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days to supress oxidative stress in the kidneys of Sprague dawley mice that have been exposed to hypoxic condition for 7 days.

The effect of these herbals was compared to placebo and Piracetam at 50mg∙kgBW-1 for 7 days, as well as mice not exposed to hypoxic condition. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration on the kidneys of these mice was used to measure the extent of lipid peroxidation. The result showed that supplementation of these herbals caused a significant difference (P<0.05) between mice given the herbals for 7 days vs mice not exposed to hypoxic condition, but no other significant difference is found among the mice. It is concluded that combined supplementation of Acalypha indica Linn and Centella asiatica did not manage to reduce lipid peroxidation."

"Iron overload disebabkan oleh transfusi darah jangka panjang pada penderita hemoglobinopati. Iron overload menyebabkan stress oksidatif yang meningkatkan produksi malondialdehid (MDA) yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit paru obstruktif kronis. Mangiferin yang terkandung dalam buah Phaleria macrocarpa memiliki potensi sebagai kelator besi dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas ekstrak etanol buah Phaleria macrocarpa dalam menurunkan kadar MDA paru tikus Sprague-Dawley. Sebanyak 30 tikus Sprague-Dawley menjadi kelompok normal, kontrol negatif, deferiprone 462,5 mg/kgBB, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBB, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBB (PM1) dan 200 mg/kgBB (PM2). Besi dekstran 15 mg diberikan dua kali seminggu secara intraperitoneal pada semua kelompok kecuali normal. Pada minggu ke-7, organ paru sampel diambil untuk dibuatkan homogenat. Homogenat direaksikan dengan TBA dan TCA untuk mengukur kadar MDA dan direaksikan dengan reagen Bradford untuk mengukur protein jaringan yang kemudian diukur dengan spektrofotometer. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah kadar MDA dibagi dengan protein jaringan dan kemudian dilakukan analisis dengan One-Way ANOVA. Kadar MDA paru pada seluruh kelompok yang diinduksi besi cenderung meningkat dibandingkan normal. Kadar MDA pada kelompok PM1 dan mangiferin lebih rendah (p < 0,05) dari deferiprone, sedangkan PM2 dan deferiprone cenderung lebih tinggi dari kontrol negatif. Kelompok PM1 menurunkan kadar MDA lebih baik dibandingkan PM2 dan deferiprone.

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Iron overload is caused by long-term blood transfusion in hemoglobinopathies patients. Iron overload causes oxidative stress that increases malondialdehyde (MDA) production, which cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mangiferin contained in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit have potential as iron chelator and antioxidant. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit ethanol extract in reducing lung MDA levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal group, negative control, deferiprone 462.5 mg/kgBW, mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW, Phaleria macrocarpa 100 mg/kgBW (PM1) and 200 mg/kgBW (PM2). Iron dextran 15 mg was administered intraperitoneally twice a week in all groups except normal. At week 7, lung organs samples were taken to make homogenates. Homogenates were reacted with TBA and TCA to measure MDA levels and reacted with Bradford's reagent to measure tissue protein which was measured by spectrophotometer. Results obtained were MDA levels divided by tissue protein and then analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. Lung MDA levels in all iron-induced groups tended to increase compared to normal. MDA levels in the PM1 and mangiferin were lower (p < 0.05) than deferiprone, while PM2 and deferiprone tended to be higher than negative controls. PM1 group reduced MDA levels better than PM2 and deferiprone."

"Peningkatan jumlah radikal bebas yang tidak dapat diatasi oleh tubuh menyebabkan terjadinya stres oksidatif. Kondisi stres oksidatif mengakibatkan terjadinya berbagai penyakit seperti kanker, diabetes melitus, penyakit neurodegeneratif dan sebagainya. Untuk mengatasi kondisi stres oksidatif diperlukan antioksidan. Antioksidan bisa diperoleh dari bahan alami seperti daun pandan wangi. Daun pandan wangi telah dibuktikan memiliki kandungan antioksidan alami seperti flavonoid dan asam fenolik. Untuk melihat aktivitas ekstrak daun pandan wangi dalam mengatasi kondisi stres oksidatif, dilakukan uji coba pada sel darah merah sapi 2% dengan mengukur kadar MDA dan GSH. Ekstrak Etanol daun pandan wangi diberikan pada sel darah merah sapi 2% yang telah diberikan H2O2 ­­­atau akan diberikan H2O2 setelahnya, untuk melihat efek antioksidan secara preventif dan kuratif. Hasil uji coba didapatkan bahwa kadar MDA tidak dapat diintepretasi karena pigmen warna daun pandan wangi mengganggu pembacaan hasil. Hasil pengukuran kadar GSH menunjukkan adanya peningkatan signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan preventif dan kuratif dibandingkan kelompok kontrol negatif. Berdasarkan hasil salah satu indikator yang diuji tersebut, disimpulkan bahwa ekstral etanol daun pandan wangi memiliki efek preventif dan kuratif sebagai antioksidan terhadap kondisi stres oksidatif sel darah merah sapi 2%. Akan tetapi, perlu dilakukan modifikasi dalam pembuatan ekstrak daun pandan wangi pada penelitian selanjutnya untuk menangani faktor pengganggu dalam pembacaan hasil.

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The increase in number of free radicals that cannot be overcame by human body can lead to a condition called stress oxidative. This condition causes several diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disease and more. Antioxidant is needed to conquer stress oxidative. Antioxidants can be obtained from natural ingredients, for example pandan leaf. Pandan leaves have been proven to have antioxidant compounds such as flavonoid and phenolic acid. To observe the antioxidant activity of pandan leaves extract, an experiment on 2% cows blood cells is performed by measuring its MDA and GSH concentration. Ethanol extract of pandan leaves is given to 2% cows red blood cells, that has been given H2O2 or that will be given H2O2 later, in order to observe antioxidant effect preventively and curatively.

The resulting MDA concentration from this experiment is not able to be interpreted because of the pigmentation of pandan leaves confounding the absorbance reading. The measurement result of GSH concentration showed a significant increase on the preventive and curative groups compared to the negative control group. Based on the result of one of the indicators in this experiment, it can be concluded that ethanol extract pandan leaves have preventive and curative effects as an antioxidant to overcome stress oxidative condition on 2% cows red blood cells. However, modifications in preparing the pandan leaves extract should be done in further research to deal with the confounding factors in absorbance reading."

"Beberapa studi di bidang akupunktur mengemukakan bahwa akupunktur merupakan salah satu modalitas terapi untuk mengurangi radikal bebas pada atlet yang menjalani latihan teratur dengan intensitas tinggi dan durasi lama. Latihan dasar kemiliteran merupakan latihan intensif yang dijalani oleh setiap calon prajurit yang memungkinkan terjadinya stres oksidatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan apakah modalitas akupunktur manual dan elektroakupunktur mempunyai pengaruh yang sama terhadap kadar malondialdehid pada calon prajurit saat latihan dasar kemiliteran. Metode penelitian menggunakan uji acak tersamar tunggal dengan kontrol. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 34 calon prajurit saat latihan dasar kemiliteran dan dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok akupunktur manual dan kelompok elektroakupunktur yang masing-masing terdiri dari 17 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selisih rerata kadar MDA plasma pada kelompok akupunktur manual 0,228 ± 0,441 dan selisih rerata kadar MDA plasma pada kelompok elektroakupunktur 0,409 ± 0,415.

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Several studies in the field of acupuncture suggests that acupuncture is a treatment modality for reducing free radicals in athletes who undergo regular training with high intensity and long duration. Military basic training is intensive training undergone by each candidate that would allow soldiers to oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to compare whether the manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture modalities have the same effect on levels of malondialdehyde in recruits during training military base. The research method uses a single-blind randomized trials with a control. This study was conducted on 34 recruits when basic military training and were divided into 2 groups: manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture group, each of which consists of 17 people. The results showed that the mean difference of plasma MDA concentration on manual acupuncture group 0.228 ± 0,441 and mean difference of plasma MDA concentration in electroacupuncture group 0.409 ± 0.415."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Di Indonesia toluena merupakan zat kimia yang banyak digunakan dalam bidang industri saat ini. Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB) menurut Surat Edaran Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. SE-01/MEN/1997 untuk toluena adalah 50 ppm. Toluena dapat mempengaruhi seluruh organ baik secara akut maupun kronis termasuk proses spermatogenesis. Data pajanan toluena yang mempengaruhi spermatogenesis masih terbatas dan kontroversial.Metode: Disain penelitian menggunakan true experimental dengan mencari hubungan antara variabel bebas dosis pajanan (toluena) dengan variabel terikatnya yaitu kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) di dalam jaringan darah, testikel serta jumlah sel spermatogonia A tikus wistar jantan. Proses pajanan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yang berbeda (12,5 part permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, dan kontrol dengan pemajanan dilakukan 4 jam tiap hari selama 14 hari. Penilaian MDA menggunakan metodeperiodic acid Schiff (PAS) dan perhitungan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A menggunakan rumus Abercrombie.Hasil: Pemajanan toluena secara statistik bermakna (p=0.005) menyebabkan penurunan terhadap Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A. Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A sudah mulai mengalami penurunan pada pajanan toluena 12,5 ppm. Pada uji korelasi Spearman didapatkan r=-0.683 dan p<0.001 antara tingkat pajanan toluena dengan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A.Kesimpulan: Pemajanan toluena selama 2 minggu sebesar 12,5 ppm sudah dapat menganggu sel Spermatogenia A.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A., Introduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A.]"

"Latar Belakang Hipoksia hipobarik merupakan kondisi hipoksia akibat menurunnya tekanan parsial oksigen dalam darah. Saat keadaan hipoksia, terjadi peningkatan produksi radikal bebas yang menyebabkan peroksidasi lipid dengan hasil akhir malondialdehid (MDA). Hipoksia hipobarik intermiten dapat menginduksi berbagai mekanisme adaptasi untuk melindungi tubuh dari kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh radikal bebas dan dapat diukur salah satunya dengan penurunan kadar MDA. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental dengan melibatkan 30 ekor tikus yang dibagi ke dalam 6 kelompok, yakni kelompok hipoksia hipobarik akut, hipoksia hipobarik (HH) 7 kali, HH 14 kali, HH 21 kali, HH 28 kali, dan kelompok kontrol. Pajanan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten dilakukan dengan prosedur hypobaric chamber training. Kadar MDA diukur melalui metode Will’s dengan absorbansi dibaca dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 530 nm. Hasil Kelompok 1 (HH akut) dan 2 (HH 7 kali) mengalami peningkatan kadar MDA dibandingkan dengan kadar MDA pada kelompok kontrol. Kelompok 3 (HH 14 kali) mengalami penurunan kadar MDA dibandingkan dengan kelompok 2. Peningkatan kadar MDA kembali terjadi pada kelompok 4 (HH 21 kali) dan kadar MDA kelompok 5 (HH 28 kali) sama dengan kelompok 4. Dapat terlihat tren perubahan antar kelompok perlakuan meskipun secara statistik perbedaan tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan Perlakuan hipoksia hipobarik akut dan hipoksia hipobarik 7, 21, dan 28 kali pada ketinggian setara 10.000 kaki meningkatkan kadar MDA. Akan tetapi pemberian hipoksia hipobarik 14 kali menurunkan kadar MDA.

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Introduction Hypobaric hypoxia is a hypoxic condition resulting from a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. During hypoxia, there is an increase in the production of free radicals which causes lipid peroxidation with the final result being malondialdehyde (MDA). Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia can induce various adaptation mechanisms to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals and can be measured, one of which is a decrease in MDA levels. Method This study used an experimental design involving 30 rats divided into 6 groups, namely the acute hypobaric hypoxia (1 time), 7 times of hypobaric hypoxia (HH), 14 times of HH, 21 times of HH, 28 times of HH, and the control group. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure was carried out using the hypobaric chamber training procedure. MDA levels were measured using the Will’s method with absorbance read with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 530 nm. Results Groups 1 (acute HH) and 2 (7 times of HH) experienced increased MDA levels compared to MDA levels in the control group. Group 3 (14 times of HH) experienced a decrease in MDA levels compared to group 2. An increase in MDA levels occurred again in group 4 (21 times of HH) and group 5 (28 times of HH) MDA levels were the same as group 4. A trend of change between groups can be seen even though the differences are not statistically significant. Conclusion Acute hypobaric hypoxia treatment and 7, 21, and 28 times of hypobaric hypoxia at an altitude equivalent to 10,000 feet increased MDA levels. However, treatment of 14 times of hypobaric hypoxia reduced MDA levels."

"Hipoksia hipobarik merupakan kondisi ketika konsentrasi oksigen mengalami penurunan seiring bertambahnya ketinggian. Fenomena ini dapat memicu stres oksidatif melalui peningkatan produksi radikal bebas yang menyerang komponen molekuler. Pemaparan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten (HHI) disinyalir dapat melatih kemampuan adaptasi jaringan sehingga menjadi lebih toleran terhadap kondisi hipoksia. Penelitian eksperimental ini menggunakan 30 tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok yang mendapat perlakuan selama 1, 7, 14, 21, dan 28 hari. Pemberian pajanan hipoksia hipobarik setara 10.000 kaki (523 mmHg) dilakukan setiap hari selama satu jam dengan menggunakan hypobaric chamber. Kadar malondialdehid (MDA) setiap sampel kemudian diukur dengan melakukan metode Wills yang dibaca dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 530 nm. Rata-rata kadar MDA secara perlahan mengalami penurunan pada kelompok yang terpajan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten ketika dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang terpajan hipoksia hipobarik akut. Meskipun uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa perubahan ini tidak signifikan, pajanan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten setara 10.000 kaki selama satu jam per hari dapat memengaruhi kadar MDA di jaringan paru tikus Sprague-Dawley.

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A condition known as hypobaric hypoxia occurs when the concentration of oxygen falls with increasing altitude. This phenomenon can trigger oxidative stress through increased production of free radicals, which damage molecules. It is believed that exposure to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) can train tissue adaptation mechanisms, increasing the tissues' tolerance to hypoxic environments. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized in this experiment as they were split into six groups: the control group and the groups that were exposed to IHH for 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Using a hypobaric chamber, exposure to hypobaric hypoxia equal to 10,000 feet (523 mmHg) was done once a day for an hour. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of each sample were measured using the Wills method which was read using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 530 nm. Compared to the acutely exposed to hypobaric hypoxia group, the average MDA level gradually decreased in the group that was exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Despite the insignificant result, exposure to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to 10,000 feet for one hour per day can affect MDA levels in the lung tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats."

"Latar belakang: Tekanan udara rendah pada dataran tinggi berdampak buruk bagi tubuh pendaki gunung dan pilot. Salah satu dampaknya adalah terjadi hipoksia jaringan yang dapat mencetuskan stres oksidatif. Kondisi tersebut dapat merusak struktur penting sel seperti protein, lipid, dan asam nukleat. Di otot, stres oksidatif dapat menyebabkan atrofi dan gangguan kontraktilitas. Di sisi lain, pajanan hipoksia hipobarik berulang diketahui mampu memicu proses adaptasi di berbagai organ. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri pengaruh paparan hipoksia hipobarik intermiten terhadap kadar malondialdehid, yang merupakan marker stres oksidatif, di otot gastrocnemius tikus Sprague-Dawley. Metode: Sebanyak 25 tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi ke dalam kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok uji. Kelompok uji mendapat perlakuan berupa dimasukkan ke dalam hypobaric chamber yang mensimulasikan ketinggian 25.000 kaki selama 5 menit. Kelompok uji 1 mendapat 1x perlakuan, kelompok uji 2 mendapat 2x perlakuan, kelompok uji 3 mendapat 3x perlakuan, dan kelompok uji 4 mendapat 4x perlakuan. Pada kelompok uji 2,3, dan 4, terdapat jeda 1 minggu antarperlakuan. Setelah mendapat perlakuan, jaringan otot gastrocnemius diambil dari tikus. Kadar malondialdehid pada otot gastrocnemius selanjutnya diukur menggunakan metode Wills. Hasil: Pada uji one-way ANOVA, rata-rata kadar malondialdehid meningkat secara bermakna (p = 0.008) pada kelompok yang mendapat paparan hipoksia hipobarik satu kali dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Rata-rata kadar malondialdehid pada kelompok yang mendapat tiga paparan dan empat paparan mengalami penurunan yang bermakna secara statistik (p < 0,05) dibandingkan kelompok yang terpapar satu kali dan dua kali. Kesimpulan: Paparan hipoksia hipobarik sebanyak satu kali meningkatkan kadar malondialdehid pada otot gastrocnemius tikus yang menandakan terjadinya kondisi stres oksidatif. Paparan hipoksia hipobarik yang dilakukan berulang secara intermiten (tiga kali dan empat kali) mampu menciptakan adaptasi jaringan otot gastrocnemius terhadap stres oksidatif sehingga kadar malondialdehid lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok yang lebih sedikit mendapat perlakuan hipoksia hipobarik

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Introduction: Low barometric pressure in high altitude has detrimental effects on hikers and pilots. One of which is inducing tissue hypoxia that can instigate oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can damage important cellular structures such as protein, lipid, and nucleic acid. Oxidative stress can cause muscle atrophy and contractile dysfunction in skeletal muscle. On the other hand, repeated hypobaric hypoxia exposure is known for its effect to induce adaptation in various organs. This study aims to assess intermittent hypobaric hypoxia effects on malondialdehyde level, a marker of oxidative stress, in gastrocnemius muscle of Sprague-Dawley rat. Method: Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided to a control group and four experimental group. The experimental group were then exposed to hypobaric environment by being placed on hypobaric chamber that simulated altitude of 25,000 ft for 5 minutes. Experimental group 1 got one exposure, experimental group 2 got two exposures, experimental group 3 got three exposures, and experimental group 4 got four exposures. There was a week interval between each exposure for experimental group that got more than one exposure (experimental group 2, 3, and 4). After getting the treatment, gastrocnemius muscle was taken from each rat as sample. Malondialdehyde level in the tissue was then measured by Wills method. Result: Mean malondialdehyde level in the group of rats subject to one hypobaric hypoxia exposure was significantly higher than that of control group (p = 0.008). Mean malondialdehyde level in the group of rats subject to three and four hypobaric hypoxia exposures were significantly (p < 0,05) lower than that of groups of rats subject to one and two exposures. Conclusion: One-time hypobaric hypoxia exposure increased malondialdehyde level in rat gastrocnemius muscle, implying stress oxidative had occurred. Three and four times of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposures induced adaptive response against oxidative stress in gastrocnemius muscle tissue, as seen by lower level of malondialdehyde in those groups compared to the groups exposed to fewer intermittent hypobaric hypoxia."