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"Latar Belakang. Pekerja pada sektor informal merupakan pekerja yang berada pada kelompok Underserved Working Population, mereka belum mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan kerja seperti yang diharapkan. Dari seluruh pekerja di Indonesia, 80% berada pada sektor informal. Dan basil beberapa penelitian terdahulu diketahui prevalensi Nyeri Punggung Bawah (NPB) pada pekerja adalah 70% - 80%. Dan survei pendahuluan pada perajin pelat logam di Kee. Citeureup, Kab. Bogor didapatkan prevalensi NPB sebesar 64,5%. Perlu diketahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi timbulnya keluhan NPB tersebut.Metode. Disain penelitian adalah studi kros seksional. Jumlah responden 238 orang yang dipilih secara cluster random sampling dari kelompok perajin. Pengumpulan data berdasarkan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik dan pengamatan sikap tubuh waktu bekerja (BRIEF Survey), yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Agusutus - Oktober 2002.Hasil. Pada penelitian ini faktor risiko karakteristik pekerja, faktor pekerjaan, dan faktor lingkungan kerja terbukti tidak berkaitan dengan NPB. Didapatkan prevalensi NPB sebesar 76,9%. Faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi timbulnya NPB adalah sikap tubuh waktu bekerja (OR suaian = 3,46 ; 95% CI = 1,62 - 6,96 ), sambil membungkuk (OR = 3,47 ; 95% CI = 1,53 - 7,84) dengan derajat membungkuk sebesar 20°- 45° (fleksi sedang) (OR = 3,47 ; 95% CI = 1,53-7,85).Kesimpulan. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara faktor risiko sikap tubuh membungkuk dengan sudut 20° - 45° (fleksi sedang) dengan NPB.Saran. Perlu adanya perbaikan cara kerja, disain ruang kerja, dan disain alat kerja sehingga pekerja tidak membungkuk pada waktu melakukan pekerjaannya.

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The Relation Between Working Posture and Low Back Pain Among Metal Craftsman Workers at Subdistrict Citeureup, District of Bogor.Background. Workers at the informal sector are classified underserved working population, as they have not yet been covered by occupational health service as expected. In Indonesia, 80% of the total workers are informal sector. Several researches have found that workers prevalence of Low Back Pain (LBP) is 70% - 80%. Among the craftsman workers at subdistrict Citeureup it is found that there is a symptom of LBP at 64.5% workers. This study will found out what are the risk factors that cause the symptom.

Method. The research design is a cross sectional study. Total subject are 238 workers, which are chosen by a cluster random sampling from the group workers . Data collecting based on interview, physical examination and visual observation of working posture (BRIEF Survey), during August to October 2002.

Result. Risk factor such as worker characteristic factor, job factor and working environment factor are not proven to have correlation with LBP. The LPB prevalence is 76.9 %. The risk factors that affected the occurrence of LBP are working posture (adjusted OR = 3.46; 95% CI = 1.62 - 6.96), forward flexion ( OR. = 3.47; 95% CI = 1.53 - 7.84 ), with degree of flexion from 20° to 45° (mild flexion) (OR = 147; 95% CI = 1.53 - 7.85).

Conclusion. Forward flexion of working posture with an angle from 20 to 45° (mild flexion) affecting the occurrence of LBP.

Recommendation. It is needed to increase job design, working space design, and working tools design or machine, so workers do not need to forward flexion while doing their job."

"Karyawan merupakan aset bagi suatu perusahaan, maka mereka harus sehat. Tidak hanya fisik namun juga mental dan sosial, sehingga dapat hidup produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengctahui hubungan antara stres kerja dengan gangguan mental emosional. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan disain kros-seksional terhadap 189 subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari karyawan administrasi dan karyawan lapangan. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data umum sosiodemografi, pengukuran stres kerja dengan menggunakan kuesioner Survai Diagnostik Stres, penilaian gangguan mental emosional dipergunakan kuesioner Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90), dan penilaian stres yang ada pada kehidupan seseorang menggunakan kuesioner Skala Holmes Rahe. Hasil : Karyawan yang diduga mengalami gangguan mental emosional, ditemukan sebesar 49,2%. Prevalensi karyawan administrasi lebih rendah dari karyawan lapangan (47,4% : 51,1%). Gejala gangguan mental emosional yang paling banyak adalah psikotisme (48,38%) dan somatisasi (46,24%). Karyawan administrasi mengalami stres kerja Iebih besar dibandingkan dengan karyawan lapangan. Karyawan dengan stres sedang mempunyai risiko 3,51 - 7,52 kali lebih besar, dan stres tinggi mempunyai risiko 5,69 - 97,50 kali lebih besar untuk mengalami gangguan mental emosional dibanding dengan stres rendah. Semua stresor kerja mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan gangguan mental emosional namun yang paling dominan adalah stresor pengembangan karier. Untuk faktor karakteristik tidak mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan gangguan mental emosional namun faktor umur, pendidikan dan jenis pekerjaan, mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan stres kerja, dan yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna paling dominan dengan stres, kerja adalah pendidikan. Kesimpulan : Stresor kerja berpengaruh terhadap timbulnya gangguan mental emosional. Beberapa faktor karakteristik (umur, pendidikan, jenis pekerjaan) berpengaruh terhadap timbulnya stres kerja namun tidak sampai menimbulkan gangguan mental emosional.

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Analysis of the influence of work stressor to mental emotional disorders among the agency and terminal company PT "S" Jakarta, 2001.Background and objective : As an asset to a company, employees must stay healthy. Not only physically but also mentally and socially, to be productive in term of social and economical aspects. The aim of this research is to study the relationship of work stress and mental emotional disorders. This study was using cross sectional design with a sample of 189 subjects. The data collected were data of socio-demography, measurement of work stress using "Survai Diagnoslik Srres" questionnaire, measurement of mental emotional disorders using Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90) questionnaire, measurement of stress to the life of a person using Holmes Rohe Scale questionnaire. The employees who assumption had mental emotional disorders in this population was 49,2%. Administrative employees were less than field employees (47,4%: 51,1%). The dominant symptoms of mental emotional disorders were psycotism (48,38%) and soniatisation (46,24%). The administration employees had more work stressed than fields employees. Employees with moderate stress have a risk 3,51 -- 7,52 times more and high stress have a risk 5,69 - 97,50 times more for mental emotional disorder than those having low stress. All the work stressor had significant relationship to mental emotional disorders but the most was career development. Characteristic factor has no significant relationship with mental emotional disorders. On the other side age, education and type of work were significant with work stress and the most was education. Conclusion : Work stressor influenced the occurrence of mental emotional disorders. Some characteristic factors (age, education, type of work) would be able to influence the occurrence of work stress, but they did not create mental emotional disorders."

"Latar belakang: Saat ini debu tepung masih dianggap sebagai bahan yang tidak berbahaya/debu inert, sementara pada industri tepung terigu PT.ISM BSFM terdapat tendensi peningkatan gangguan saluran napas atas maupun saluran napas bawah. Penelitian bertujuan mencari hubungan antara gangguan faal paru pada pekerja dengan pajanan debu tepung dan faktor lain yang berhubungan, prevalensi keluhan serta prevalensi penyakit paru kerja.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain studi Cross sectional internal kompartif terhadap dua kelompok pekerja yang terpajan rendah dan terpajan tinggi berdasarkan hasil pengukuran personal dust sampler(debu respirable). Studi dilakukan dengan mewawancarai 119 responden memakai kuesioner Pneumobile project Indonesia 1992, mengukur faal paru dengan spirometri dan pengukuran Arus puncak ekspirasi.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Kadar debu di bagian pengemasan dan penggilingan sangat tinggi mencapai 3 kali NAB. Terdapat penurunan faal paru berupa restriksi pada 37 % responden dan obstruksi 7,5%, di mana terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara penurunan fungsi paru dengan status gizi, pekerja yang terpajan tinggi, lama merokok, umur dan lama kerja. Prevalensi keluhan batuk kronik 21,8 %, berdahak kronik 13,4 % dan sesak napas 18,5 %, sementara prevalensi penyakit paru kerja didapat 4,2 % responden yang menderita bronkitis kronik dan 14,3% asma di mana 1,7 % merupakan asma kerja.

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Back ground: Today grain flour dust is still assumed as nontoxic dust, while several respiration disease (upper and low) are increase at PT.ISM BSFM the biggest grain mill in Indonesia. The goal of this study was to identify relation between the decrease of lung function and the exposure of grain flour dust, with some other related factor. To find prevalent of symptom and prevalent of occupational lung disease.

Method: Design of the study was a Cross-sectional study, with internal comparative of the two group workers (high exposure and low) that base on result of measurement of personal dust sampler (respirable dust). A simple working survey using Pneumobile Indonesia questioner was carrying out to 119 respondents, measurement lung function by spirometri and peak flow expiration.

Results and Conclusion: Study finding the high exposure of dust at the packing unit and milling unit, the concentration is 3 time greater than TLVs. Result of the lung function measurement found 37 % respondent were restriction and 7.5% obstruction, this respondent have significant relation with their body mass index, working in the high exposure place, length time of smoking, age and length time of working. Prevalent of chronic cough 21.8 %, chronic sputum 13.4 % and breathing difficulty 18.5 %, while prevalent of occupational lung disease were 4.2 % respondent with choric bronchitis and 14.3% asthma included 1.7 % occupational asthma."

"Latar belakang : Benzen yang masih digunakan oleh berbagai industri sebagai bahan pelarut dan bahan mentah diketahui berdampak negatif terhadap kesehatan tenaga kerja. Begitu juga dengan benzen yang digunakan perusahaan pemerosesan minyak dan gas dapat berdampak yang sama. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui manfaat pemakaian masker gas terhadap perubahan kadar fenol dalam urin akibat pajanan benzen di unit penatalaksanaan limbah PT. V di Kalimantan TimurMetode : Penelitian ini menggunakan disain studi intervensi. Empat belas tenaga kerja diambil secara purposif sebagai subjek yang diintervensi dengan pemakaian masker selama empat minggu disertai penyuluhan mengenai pencegahan terhadap pajanan benzen. Pengukuran terhadap lingkungan kerja dilakukan dengan mengukur kadar uap benzen, dan beberapa variabel seperti umur, pendidikan, pengetahuan, alkohol, merokok didapat dari wawancara dan kuesioner. Pajanan benzen terhadap tenaga kerja diukur melalui kadar fenol dalam urin.Hasil : Pengukuran kadar uap benzen di lingkungan kerja diatas nilai ambang batas yang dianjurkan ACGIH. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan perbedaan bermakna pada pemeriksaan kadar fenol dalam urin dan pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi (P<0,05).Kesimpulan dan saran : Studi intervensi ini menunjukkan adanya penurunan kadar fenol dalam urin subjek disertai peningkatan pengetahuan subjek yang bermakna sesudah intervensi. Disarankan pada perusahaan untuk melakukan pemantauan kadar uap benzen di lingkungan kerja setiap enam bulan dan tenaga kerja diharuskan memakai masker secara teratur pada saat bekerja.

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The Benefit of Mask on the Change of Fenol Level in the Urine as an Effect of Benzene Exposure at the Sludge Processing Plant, `V' Company, East Kalimantan, 2000Background: Benzene which is still used in the industrial world as a solvent and raw material, still known to have negative effects on the workers' health. Benzene also exists in oil and gas company as by product. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of benzene exposure through the measurement of phenol level in the urine of workers' at the sludge processing unit in the oil and gas company, PT V East Kalimantan and the impact of using mask respirator for its prevention.Method : The design of study was a simple intervention study. Fourteen workers were recruited purposively as subjects, were intervened by using mask about four weeks simultaneously and having education on personal protection against benzene vapor. A simple working environmental survey was carried out measuring the level of benzene vapor at the working area, while several variables i.e age, education, duration of work, alcoholism, smoking and drugs were collected through interviews and questionnaires. Benzene exposure was measured through phenol urinary level of subjects.Results : Study finding showed that the level of benzene vapors in the working area was above ACGIH threshold value. Significant differences were found between admission phase and post intervention phase in urinary phenol level and knowledge (P<0,05).Conclusions and suggestions : The intervention study showed a significant decrease in urinary phenol concentration of subjects as well as an increase of knowledge. The enterprise was suggested to carry out monitoring project of the benzene vapor level in the working area every six month while the workers should be instructed to use mask regularly while working."

"Tenaga kerja informal dimanfaatkan oleh pabrik pembekuan hasil laut seperti ikan, udang, cumi, rajungan, skalop pada tahap pembersihan sebelum proses pembekuan. Tenaga kerja informal umumnya mengeluh gatal pada tangan dalam bentuk dermatitis kontak, berobat dengan biaya sendiri. Tenaga kerja ini diupah secara harian.Pada bulan Desember 1999 dilakukan pemagangan di pabrik pembekuan hasil laut "A" Jakarta selama satu bulan lebih. Merupakan studi kasus dengan tahapan identifikasi permasalahan, intervensi, evaluasi.Identifikasi permasalahan dengan teknik kriteria matriks, didapatkan dermatitis kontak pada delapan responden dari lima belas tenaga kerja informal yang seluruhnya wanita. Prevalensinya 53,33%. Pajanan yang dialami yaitu faktor fisik berupa trauma mikro dari bagian tubuh hasil laut. Tekanan, gesekan bagian tubuh hasil laut dan alat bantu proses pembersihan. Kotoran lumpur hasil laut, pecahan es batu, suhu dingin, air, kaporit. Waktu dan rentetan kontak dialami tenaga kerja ini. Diagnosis dermatitis kontak berdasarkan anamnesis dan gambaran Minis. Bila dibandingkan dengan sebelas orang tenaga kerja tetap wanita yang tidak mengerjakan proses pembersihan, prevalensi dermatitis kontak 9,09%. Uji Fisher's Exact didapatkan p = 0,024. Pekerjaan proses pembersihan berisiko menimbulkan dermatitis kontak.Prioritas intervensi berdasarkan teknik kriteria matriks. Penyuluhan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang penyakit dermatitis kontak serta upaya pencegahannya. Uji t berpasangan didapatkan p < 0,01.Pemakaian sarung tangan dan pengobatan dapat menurunkan kasus dermatitis kontak tenaga kerja informal di pabrik "A".

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Informal workers are used by the company to freeze marine source such as fish, shrimp, squid, crab, scallop, in cleaning process before freezing takes place. Informal workers usually experience some itchy on their hands which are in forms of contact dermatitis, cured with own expenses. These workers are paid daily.

In December 1999 for more than one months. There's an industrial training done at freezing company "A". It is a case study with problems identification, intervention and evaluation processes.

Problems identification with matrix technical criteria results in contact dermatitis on 8 from 15 informal workers respondents which all are women. The prevalence is 53,33 %. Exposed is physical factor in forms of micro trauma from parts of marine source body. Pressure, scratch from marine source body and cleaning processing tools. Mud in marine source, ice cube piece, cold temperature, water, calcium hypochlorite. These workers also experience time and continuous contact. Contact dermatitis diagnose is based on anamnesis and clinical background. Compared to another 11 fixed women workers who do not do cleaning, contact dermatitis prevalence is 9,09 %. Statistic test Fisher's Exact shows p = 0,024. Cleaning process is therefore due to contact dermatitis risks.

Intervention priority is chosen based on matrix technical criteria. Seminar can develop knowledge about contact dermatitis disease and the prevention efforts. Statistical test show p<0, 01.

The usage of personal protection equipment such as gloves and cure can reduce cases for contact dermatitis informal workers in factory "A"."

"Pada pelayanan kesehatan di Puskesmas banyak ditemukan gangguan muskuloskeletal pada pekerja sektor informal, temyata ketidakserasian alat dan ukuran tubuh pekerja Indonesia.Ergonomi adalah suatu ilmu dan prakteknya ditujukan kepada penyerasian kerja antara peralatan dan lingkungan kerja serta pekerja itu sendiri.Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi intervensi. Di wilayah Jakarta Barat. Jumlah 12 orang, 2 laki-laki dan 10 perempuan.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi gangguan muskuloskeletal (menurut penerapan ergonomi yang disepakati, Cibogo, 1978) pada bagian punggung dan pinggang ada 10 orang (83,33%) serta ekstremitas sebelah kanan 9 orang (75%). Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran tempat duduk pekerja per individu (Anthropametry of US Military Personnel, 5`r' percentile), ternyata kekurangan selisih tinggi antara 4.80 sampai 9 cm. Dilakukan intervensi berupa penyesuaian tinggi tempat duduk dengan Cara ditumpuk dan diberi bantal, keluhan-keluhan menghilang. Lama kerja lebih atau sama dengan 5 tahun didapatkan 8 orang yang mengeluh gangguan muskuloskeletal dari 9 orang dan 2 orang yang mengeluh dari 3 orang pekerja, telah bekerja kurang dari 5 tahun. Ada 9 orang dengan tinggi badan < 155 cm mengeluh gangguan muskuloskeletal dan 1 orang > 155 cm ( 161 cm ) yang mengeluh gangguan. Sebelum penyuluhan didapatkan 9 orang (75%) dengan pengetahuan yang kurang dan 3 orang (25%) dengan pengetahuan cukup. Setelah penyuluhan didapatkan 10 orang (83,33%) dengan pengetahuan baik dan 2 orang (16,67%) dengan pengetahuan cukup.Sebagai rekomendasi untuk pemerintah dalam hal ini Dinas Kesehatan atau Dinas Tenaga Kerja baik sektor formal maupun sektor informal, agar dapat mengaktifkan Tim K3 sehingga kesehatan pekerja meningkat.

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In the Primary Health Care services, some problem come out with back pain, and works employed in the informal sectors.

Ergonomics is a science and its application mainly to fit the workers and their equipment in work environment which will finally results in increased their health and productivity. Man - machine - design is conducted as one of the aspects in the ergonomics.

In the study intervention method was conducted in the informal sector in west Jakarta. Total population of 12 workers which consists of 2 men and 10 women and the main complaint of those worker was musculoskeletal pain especially in the lumbal area.

The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder was ( using Cibogo standards of ergonomics, 1978 ) 10 workers or 83,33% complaint of musculoskeletal and lumbal disorders, 9 workers or 75% for the right extrernitas. The measuremant of Anthropometry using US Military Personnel standard, 5th percentile per individual, therefore the difference was 4,8 - 9 cm. After intervention of table height, chair have given a good results. The tenue of 5 years long, 8 workers or 88,89% complain from 9 worker and under 5 year or same, 2 worker or 66,67% complain from 3 worker. Height under or same 155 cm, 9 worker or 90%, and upper 155 cm, 1 or 10 % worker complain of musculoskeletaI.9 or 75% workers less knowledge regarding work environment and only 3 workers or 25% safisfactory knowledge. After training has given a good results such as 10 workers, improving of there knowledge and 16,67% or 2 workers showed increased awareness.

Recommendation will be given to the government as specially Departement of health and Man Power to improved the occupational health and safety team work to the formal sector or informal sector."

"Meningkatnya kebutuhan akan BBM terutama penggunaan bahan bakar untuk transportasi, rumah tangga dan industri membuat meningkatnya aktifitas distribusi BBM terutama di kota-kota besar seperti Jakarta. Pola distribusi dengan menggunakan mobil tangki adalah pola distribusi yang rawan akan kecelakaan, dibandingkan dengan pola distribusi lain seperti kapal laut dan pipa.Faktor manusia adalah penyebab kecelakaan paling besar, mencapai lebih dari 80 %, oleh karena itu dalam upaya pencegahan kecelakaan, faktor manusia harus menjadi pertimbangan. Salah satu faktor manusia yang perlu dipertimbangkan adalah persepsi pekerja terhadap resiko bahaya ditempat kerja, mengingat persepsi manusia merupakan penentu pada setiap keputusan didalam pelaksanaan kegiatan.Didalam tesis ini dibahas mengenai persepsi pengemudi mobil tangki BBM terhadap resiko bahaya kegiatan operasi distribusi, dengan melihat faktor alat kerja yaitu mobil tangki BBM, produk BBM yang diangkut, lingkungan kerja dan prosedur kerja, juga dibahas pengaruh pengalaman kerja terhadap empat faktor tersebut. Dengan melihat persepsi pengemudi terhadap faktor tersebut diatas dapat dibuat program intervensi dalam rangka pencegahan kecelakaan.Analisa data digunakan statistik deskriptif dan untuk analisa hubungan antara pengalaman kerja dan persepsi resiko bahaya pengemudi mobil tangki BBM dipakai korelasi product moment dari Pearson dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SPSS.

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Risk Perception of Tank Truck Driver to Hazard of Fuel Distribution Activity in Plumpang Depo, UPMS III JakartaThe increase of need for fuel, especially the use of fuel for transportation, home and industry makes the distribution activity also increase, especially in the big city like Jakarta. The pattern of distribution using tank truck is kind of distribution that full of risk of accident, if we compare with other distribution such as trough the pipe line and ship.

The accident that happen is mostly caused by human factor and in fact, more than 80 % of accident caused by human factor, that is why to prevent accident, the human factor to be considered. One of the human factor that need to be considered is the perception of worker to the hazard in work place, The human perception makes importing role in the making of decision to take a risk or reject it.

In this thesis is written about the risk perception of tank truck driver to the hazard of fuel distribution activity with looking to the equipment, the product, the work environment, and the procedure. In the thesis also written about the influence of working experience to the four factors that mentioned above. lf we can see the perception of tank truck driver, we can make intervention to accident prevention program.

Analysis data is used with statistic, descriptive for knowing risk perception of tank truck driver to the distribution activity, and product moment Pearson Correlation, for knowing influence of working experience to the driver perception, with the help from SPSS software."

"Ruang lingkup dan metodologi penelitian:Anemia pada tenaga kerja wanita, masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dapat menurunkan produktivitas kerja. Penelitian ini merupakan studi intervensi yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan tenaga kerja wanita melalui program penanggulangan anemia dan perbaikan gizi. Sampel berjumlah 44 orang.Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara pengamatan, wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, dan laboratorium (Hemoglobin dan tinja), penilaian pengetahuan mengenai anemia dan gizi, penilaian pola makan dan asupan makanan (energi, protein, zat besi), pengumpulan data sekunder. Intervensi yang dilakukan adalah; 1. Pemberian tablet besi folat (200 mg ferro sulfat dan 0,25 mg asam folat) seminggu 1 x 1 tablet, selama 16 minggu, pada waktu hid diberikan setiap hari 1 x 1 tablet, 10 hari berturut-turut, 2. Obat cacing (Pyrantel Pamoat 500 mg), dosis tunggal, 3. Penyuluhan mengenai makanan bergizi. Evaluasi hasil intervensi, dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan perubahan dari keluhan subyektif, infestasi cacing, kadar Hb, skor pola makan dan asupan makanan, sebelum dan setelah intervensi.Hasil dan kesimpulan:Dari 44 tenaga kerja wanita ditemukan 12 orang (27,27%) menderita anemia, 7 orang diantaranya dengan infestasi cacing positif. Faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi anemia pada penelitian ini, adalah, status gizi, pengetahuan, pola makan dan asupan makanan. Setelah intervensi selama 16 minggu, berhasil meningkatkan kadar Hb rata-rata sebesar 1,83 g% (SD ±0,51) dari rata-rata 10,56 g% menjadi 12,36 g%, selain itu terdapat penurunan keluhan subyektif, peningkatan skor pola makan dan asupan makanan secara bermakna p < 0,05.

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A Study on the Nutritional Deficiency Anemia of the Production Female Workers of PT.BPB, Jakarta, 2000The scope and methodology of the studyAnaemia on female workers is still a health problem that reduces their productivity. This study involves intervention that is aimed to increase the health of the female workers by means of anaemia prevention and nutrition improvement. The approach used to perform data gathering from a sample of 44 person includes, observation, interviews, physical examination, laboratory testing (haemoglobin and feces), measurement of their knowledge level on anaemia and nutrition, examination on the consumed food quality and eating habit, and the use of secondary data pool. Performed interventions include; 1. Providing folat iron tablets (200 mg ferro sulfat and 0,25 mg folat acid), 1 tablet per week for 16 weeks. During menstruation period the dosage is changed to ] tablet daily for 10 days, 2. Providing worm tablets (Pyrantel Pamoat, 500 mg) single dosage, 3. Awareness program on healthy food. The evaluation of interview results is performed by comparing the changes in subjective complaints, worm infestations, haemoglobin level, scoring on consumed food quality and eating habit before and after the intervention.Result and conclusionOut of 44 female workers, 12 persons (27.27 %) were found to suffer from anaemia, 7 of them with worm infestation. Other factors that causes anaemia, based on the study, included nutrition status, awareness of consumed food quality and eating habit. After 16 weeks intervention, haemoglobin was sucessfully increased by 1.83 g% (SD ±0,51) from an average of 10,56 g% to 12,36g%, in addition, decrease in subjective symptoms, improvement of consumed food quality and eating habit were also noted."

"Ruang lingkup dan metodologiPajanan panas merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang terdapat pada pabrik pembuatan tabung LPG. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pajanan panas adalah tenaga kerja banyak mengeluarkan keringat sehingga mengalami kekurangan cairan bila tidak diimbangi dengan minum yang cukup. Keadaan ini bila berlangsung lama akan mengakibatkan supersaturasi urin dan memudahkan terjadinya kristal dalam urin antara lain adalah kristal kalsium oksalat.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui manfaat pemberian air minum terhadap kristal kalsium oksalat urin tenaga kerja yang terpajan panas di pabrik LPG X Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain studi intervensi dengan memberikan penyuluhan dan air minum kepada 16 orang tenaga kerja yang dipilih secara purposif. Dilakukan pengumpulan data panas lingkungan kerja menggunakan index suhu bola basah(ISBB), dan beberapa variabel subyek seperti umur, lama kerja, beban kerja, pendidikan, pengetahuan, dan kebiasaan minum yang didapatkan dari wawancara dan kuesioner. Pengukuran berat badan, keluhan subyektif, dan kristaI kalsium oksalat sebelum dan sesudah intervensi.Hasil dan kesimpulan:Panas lingkugan kerja berkisar antara 27.42 - 29.34°C ISBB, beban kerja fisik tenaga kerja katagori sedang. Didapatkan keluhan subyektif: rasa haus 100%, tidak nyaman 50%, cepat lelah 37.50%, tidak semangat 18.75%, pusing 12.50%, penurunan berat badan berkisar antara 0.1-0.6 kg, hasil pemeriksaan kristal kalsium oksalat urin tenaga kerja 56.25% meningkat menjadi 75% setelah terpajan panas.Terjadi perubahan bermakna (p<0.05) kristal kalsium oksalat urin tenaga kerja terpajan panas setelah dilakukan intervensi dengan penyuluhan dan pemberian air minum.

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Heat exposure is one of the risk factors of manufacturing the LPG cylinder. The effect of heat exposure will make the workers get sweat profusely, which may let them be dehydrated if they do not drink enough water. If this condition happens for quite long time, it will make super-saturation urine, which may easily cause a crystallization of urine such as calcium oxalate crystal.The point of this study is to find out the benefit of giving drink water to the urinary calcium oxalate crystal of the worker who heat exposure at the factory of LPG X Jakarta. We use an intervention - Study design, by giving lectures and ask 16(sixteen) workers, who had chosen purposefully, to drink some water. We also collect some data, of the hot temperature of the field, by using WBGT, and some subject variable such as: ages, working period, working load, education, knowledge and drinking water attitude, which are collected from interviews and questioners. The weight, subject complaint and calcium oxalate crystal urine of the worker are also noted before and after the intervention.Result and conclusionStudy finding showed that the temperature working area range, about 27.42-29.34°C WBGT. Subject complaint were thirsty 100%, discomfort 50%, fatigue 37.50%, headache 12.50%, loss body weight 0.1-0.6 kg, and crystallization of the worker urine is growth from 56.25% to 75% after heat exposure.There is significant result (p<0.05) of urinary calcium oxalate crystal of the worker after this intervention and lectures, and after giving them some drinking- waters."

"LATAR BELAKANG : Penerbang yang mengawaki pesawat tempur canggih memiliki peluang besar untuk terpajan gaya + Gz tinggi dengan durasi yang cukup lama (High Sustained G). Untuk mengurangi bahaya pajanan gaya ini, penerbang tempur harus melakukan Anti G Straining Maneuver (AGSM), padahal dikeluhkan bahwa AGSM yang harus dilakukan berulang-ulang dengan intensitas tinggi cepat mengakibatkan kelelahan. Diyakini bahwa tingkat kesamaptaan otot yang baik akan meningkatkan kemampuan penerbang bertahan terhadap High Sustained G. HIPOTESIS : Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan kebenaran hipotesis bahwa terdapat hubungan antara tingkat kesamaptaan jasmani B (kesamaptaan otot) dan durasi ketahanan tehadap High Sustained G. METODE : Subyek dipajankan terhadap gaya +8 Gz dan diinstruksikan untuk bertahan selama mungkin sampai merasakan kelelahan, dalam latihan Simulated Air Combat Maneuver (SACM) dengan Human Centrifiige. Ketahanan penerbang dinilai dengan lamanya durasi bertahan. Tingkat kesamaptaan jasmani B (kesamaptaan otot) subyek dinilai dengan prosedur test kesamaptaan jasmani yang diberlakukan di TNT AU. HASIL : Dari 25 orang pilot yang semula mengikuti penelitian ini, 2 orang dikeluarkan karena mengalami mabuk gerak yang parah. Rata-rata umur dan jam terbang subyek adalah 28,0 (SD 3,4) tahun dan 501,4 (SD 232,3) jam. Ditemukan adanya hubungan yang kuat antara tingkat kesamaptaan jasmani B (kesamaptaan otot) dengan durasi bertahan terhadap High Sustained G (r = 0,76 ; p < 0,01). Repetisi gerakan Push up dalam tes samapta B memiliki hubungan yang sangat kuat dengan durasi ketahanan terhadap High Sustained G (r = 0,85., p < 0,01). KESIMPULAN Tingkat kesamaptaan jasmani B (kesamaptaan otot) dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi durasi bertahan terhadap High Sustained G di kalangan penerbang tempur TNT AU. Latihan beban dengan fokus pada kelompok otot dada kemungkinan akan dapat mengurangi kelelahan yang terjadi saat melakukan AGSM.

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BACKGROUND : Fighter pilots flying high performance airera is are often subjected to high levels of headword (+ Gz) acceleration. In order to reduce dangerous effect of this type of acceleration pilots must perform the Anti G Straining Maneuver (AGSM), eventhough there are a number of complaints that this repeated and high intensity maneuver is perceived very fatiguing. It seems that a good muscle fitness will increase pilot's High Sustained G endurance

HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to define correlations between muscle fitness levels and High Sustained G durations.

METHODS : Subjects were exposed to +8 Gz plateaus during a Human Centrifuge Simulated Air Combat Maneuver (SACM) until volitional fatigue. High Sustained G endurances were evaluated by measuring the exposure durations. Muscle fitness levels were determined using a standardized test protocol of Indonesian Air Force.

RESULTS : Twenty five pilots participated in this study. Because of severe motion sickness 2 pilots were eliminated. Their age and flying hours averaged 28,0 (SD 3,4) years and 501,4 (SD 232,3) hours. Strong correlation was found between muscle fitness levels and High Sustained G durations (r = 0,75 ; p < 0,01). Push up test item had a very strong correlation with High Sustained G durations (r = 0,85 ; p < 0,01).

CONCLUSION The results indicate that the muscle fitness levels can be used to predict High Sustained G durations performed by Indonesian Air Force fighter pilots during SACM. Weight training focused on chest muscle groups may reduce fatigue while performing AGSM."