Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Summary:Written by the most influential scholars in International Relations, the fourth edition of this bestselling textbook provides a lively introduction to all the major theories of International Relations and draws on case studies to show how theory can help explain the dynamics of world politics."

"This book emerges from within the everyday knowledge practices of International Relations (IR) scholarship and explores the potential of experimental writing as an alternative source of 'knowledge' and political imagination within the modern university and the contemporary structures of neoliberal government. It unlocks and foregrounds the power of writing as a site of resistance and a vehicle of transformation that is fundamentally grounded in reflexivity, self-crafting and an ethos of care. In an attempt to cultivate new sensibilities to habitual academic practice the project re-appropriates the skill of writing for envisioning and enacting what it might mean to be working in the discipline of IR and inhabiting the usual spaces and scenes of academic life differently. The practice of experimental writing that intuitively unfolds and develops in the book makes an important methodological intervention into conventional social scientific inquiry both regarding the politics of writing and knowledge production as well as the role and position of the researcher. The formal innovations of the book include the actualization and creative remaking of the Foucaultian genre of the 'experience book, ' which seeks to challenge scholarly routine and offers new experiences and modes of perception as to what it might mean to 'know' and to be a 'knowing subject' in our times. The book will be of interest to researchers engaged in critical and creative research methods (particularly narrative writing, autobiography, storytelling, experimental and transformational research), Foucault studies and philosophy, as well as critical approaches to contemporary government and studies of resistance."

"In Islamic law the world was made up of the House of Islam and the House of War with the Ottoman Sultan--the perceived successor to the Caliphs--supreme ruler of the Islamic world. However, Suraiya Faroqhi demonstrates that there was no iron curtain between the Ottoman and other worlds but rather a long-established network of diplomatic, financial, cultural and religious connections. These extended to the empires of Asia and the modern states of Europe ... Based on a huge study of original and early modern sources, including diplomatic records, travel and geographical writing, as well as personal accounts."

"

ABSTRAK

 

Selama ini, teknologi merupakan sebuah bahasan minor dalam diskusi ilmu hubungan internasional. Padahal, teknologi selalu menjadi salah satu pemicu bagi dinamika antar aktor hubungan internasional, seperti pada Revolusi Industri pertama, atau pada space race antara Rusia dan Amerika Serikat dalam perang dingin yang menjadi pemicu ditemukannya internet. Tulisan ini secara spesifik membahas mengenai bagaimana Teknologi Informasi (TI), atau teknologi informasi digital (non-analog seperti radio / telepon) yang terkomputerisasi. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk meninjau bagaimana diskusi-diskusi hubungan internasional mengenai teknologi informasi berubah dan berkembang dari waktu ke waktu. Penulis membagi tulisan ini ke dalam tiga periode yang ditandai dengan tiga milestone. Periode pertama dimulai sejak ditemukannya transistor digital pada tahun 1947 dan berakhir pada 1990, dimana tulisan-tulisan yang muncul dalam periode ini bersifat prediktif terhadap dampak TI terhadap HI. Periode kedua (1991-2012) dimulai dengan milestone dipublikasikannya internet secara massal kepada masyarakat global, sehingga diskusi yang berkembang terpusat dengan bagaimana internet mengubah dinamika HI. Periode ketiga (2013 sampai sekarang) ditandai dengan sebuah milestone, yaitu terungkapnya tiga fenomena kontroversial yang telah mengubah narasi yang berkembang mengenai TI dalam HI, yaitu: (1) Terungkapnya pengawasan massal global yang dilakukan oleh National Security Agency (NSA) Amerika Serikat oleh Edward Snowden (2) Perbudakan buruh yang dilakukan Apple-Foxcon (3) Manipulasi politik tim kampanye Donald Trump melalui Facebook-Cambridge Analytica. Tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk menemukan konsensus dan perdebatan dalam sepanjang evolusi diskusi TI dalam HI dari periode ke periode. Tinjauan pustaka ini menemukan beberapa tren dalam topik ini: (1) Diskusi-diskusi TI dalam HI bersifat optimis sampai periode kedua, dan mulai mengarah pada pesimisme di periode tiga. (2) Aktor bisnis menjadi aktor yang paling mendominansi diskusi TI dalam HI, baik itu dibahas dalam sudut pandang positif ataupun negatif (3) Paradigma liberal mendominansi diskusi pada periode kedua, sementara paradigma Marxisme mendominansi diskusi pada periode tiga. (4) Prediksi Fouccoult mengenai panopticonisme menjadi yang paling akurat dalam diskusi TI dalam HI di era saat ini. (5) Teknologi informasi merupakan sebuah source of power baru dalam HI. Di bagian akhir, Tinjauan Pustaka ini memberikan rekomendasi bagi Indonesia yang sedang dalam proses transformasi digital, serta menekankan penelitian lanjutan pada tulisan ini.

 

Kata kunci: Teknologi Informasi, Digital, Hubungan Internasional dan Teknologi Informasi

---

 

ABSTRACT

 

Technology has been a minor discussion in International Relations (IR). From Industrial Revolution to the space race in the cold war, technology has always become a trigger of change in its actor dynamics. This literature review would like to take focus only on the Information Technology (IT), or the computed-digital and non-analog technology (that excludes telephone, radio, etc.). This writing is aimed to review how the discussion of IR about IT evolves and develops throughout the years. This literature review will be divided into three time periods, marked by three great milestones. The first period started after the invention of the digital transistor at 1947 and ended in 1990, in which the discussion inside this periods mostly predicts the effects of IT in IR in years to come. The second period (1991-2012) is marked by the global publication of the internet, that which discussions in this period focuses on how internet impacts IR. Lastly the third period (2013 until now) is marked by three controversial phenomenon that later would change the direction of the discussion about IT in IR, those are: (1) The global mass surveillance of National Security Agency of USA leaked by Edward Snowden (2) The modern slavery of digital labor by Apple-Foxcon (3) The Trump’s campaign team political manipulation through Facebook-Cambridge Analytica. This literature review tried to see the debates and consensus throughout the evolutions of discussion of IT in IR. This literature review has also identified following trends regarding this topic, which are: (1) The discussion of IT in IR has been positive and affirmative in the second period, and it changes into being skeptical and critical in the third period of time (2) The business actors has always dominated, be it’s in the positive or negative framing (3) The liberal paradigm dominated the discussion in the second period, while the Marxist dominated in the third one (4) Fouccoult’s prediction regarding panopticonism has been the most accurate to picture nowadays IT era (5) Information Technology has become a new source of power in International Relations. This literature review also gives several recommendation to Indonesia which in the middle of the process of digital transformation.

 

Key words: Information Technology, Digital, International Relations and Information Technology

 

"

"Ras merupakan aspek identitas yang tidak dapat dilepaskan dalam pembentukan kepentingan maupun kebijakan berbagai aktor secara lintas batas. Dalam perkembangannya, ras muncul sebagai aspek yang integral dalam dinamika sistem internasional. Meskipun demikian, studi Hubungan Internasional arus utama cenderung mengesampingkan pembahasan mengenai ras. Melalui hal tersebut, tinjauan literatur ini berusaha untuk memetakan konseptualisasi dan implementasi aspek identitas rasial dalam kerangka studi dan praktik Hubungan Internasional. Pemetaan ini dilakukan dengan meninjau kehadiran ras dalam kerangka internasional secara lintas periode dan lintas dimensi atau ruang Hubungan Internasional. Peninjauan dilakukan terhadap 42 literatur dengan metode taksonomi. Dua tema utama teridentifikasi, yaitu: perkembangan konseptualisasi ras dan operasionalisasi ras dalam kerangka relasi dimensional aktor. Penulis menemukan bahwa ras merupakan aspek fundamental dalam konseptualisasi teori Hubungan Internasional dan memiliki peran yang signifikan dalam memengaruhi kepentingan serta kebijakan aktor-aktor Internasional dalam relasi keamanan, politik, ekonomi, dan transnasionalisme. Selain itu, marjinalisasi pembahasan mengenai ras masih merupakan fitur dominan dalam perkembangan studi Hubungan internasional kontemporer. Hal ini pada akhirnya berkontribusi pada langgengnya struktur global yang menguntungkan kelompok kulit putih dalam semua lini dimensi dan ruang Hubungan Internasional.

---

Race is an aspect of identity that cannot be separated from the formation of interests and policies by various actors across borders. In its development, race appears as an integral aspect of the dynamics of the international system. Nonetheless, mainstream International Relations studies tend to sideline discussions of race. Therefore, this literature review seeks to map the conceptualization and implementation of aspects of racial identity within the framework of the study and practice of International Relations. This mapping is carried out by reviewing the presence of race aspect in the international framework across different periods and dimensions or spaces of International Relations. The review involved 42 literature pieces using taxonomic method. Two main themes emerged: the development of the conceptualization of race and the operationalization of race within the framework of actor dimensional relations. The author finds that race is a fundamental aspect in the conceptualization of International Relations theory and plays a significant role in influencing the interests and policies of international actors in security, political, economic, and transnationalism relations. Additionally, the marginalization of discussions regarding race remains a dominant feature in the development of contemporary international relations studies. This ultimately contributes to the perpetuation of a global structure that benefits white groups in all dimensions and spaces of International Relations."

"This book aims to present innovative theoretical and empirical approaches that can increase our understanding of this transition. Scholars from the fields of international relations, international political economy, economics and security studies not only explore current theoretical debates on ?power? and ?power shifts? among entities, but also provide fresh insights into relevant aspects of international power in the 21st century. With a particular focus on aspects of international security, trade and production, new methods of identifying power and its sources are presented, and their potential implications and challenges are discussed."

"This book enters new territory by moving toward a new conceptual framework for comparative and interdisciplinary research on transcultural state formation. Once more, statehood and governance are highly discussed topics, whereby modern state building is often considered to be a genuinely European characteristic, despite the fact that early modern Europeans knew of, experienced and grappled with highly developed states in Asia. The articles collected in this book discuss how strategies of governance were part of transcultural transfers between the two continents. The first part presents and discusses concepts of statehood in order to provide a set of conceptual tools for analyzing the transcultural appropriation of governmental strategies. The second part is concerned with case studies that examine the transcultural perception of governance, and the third and final part gathers perspectives on political practice in transcultural encounters (e.g. military, administration, and diplomacy)."

"Archaeology has often been put to political use, particularly by nationalists. The case studies in this timely collection range from the propaganda purposes served by archaeology in the Nazi state, through the complex interplay of official dogma and academic prehistory in the former Soviet Union, to lesser-known instances of ideological archaeology in other European countries, in China, Japan, Korea and the Near East. The introductory and concluding chapters draw out some of the common threads in these experiences, and argue that archaeologists need to be more sophisticated about the use and abuse of their studies. The editors have brought together a distinguished international group of scholars. Whilst archaeologists will find that this book raises cogent questions about their own work, these problems also go beyond archaeology to implicate history and anthropology more generally."

"The need for freedoms of navigation in regional waters is frequently mentioned in statements from regional forums, but a common understanding of what constitutes a particular freedom of navigation or the relevant law is lacking.This book discusses how law, politics and strategy intersect to provide different perspectives of freedoms on navigation in the Asia-Pacific region. These freedoms are very important in this distinctively maritime region, but problems arise over interpreting the navigational regimes under the law of the sea, especially with regard to the rights of foreign warships to transit another country’s territorial sea without prior notification or authorisation of the coastal state, and with determining the availability of high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight in an exclusive economic zone. The book explores these issues, referring in particular to the position of the main protagonists on these issues in Asian waters – the United States and China – with their strongly opposing views. The book concludes with a discussion of the prospects for either resolving these different perspectives or for developing confidence-building measures that would reduce the risks of maritime incidents.Providing a comprehensive yet concise overview of the various different factors affecting freedom of navigation, this book will be a valuable resource for those working or studying in the fields of international relations, maritime security and the law of the sea."