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"Asam dokosaheksaenoat (DHA) sangat penting bagi pertumbuhan sistem saraf dan penglihatan bayi karena merupakan asam lemak utama dalam fosfolipid otak dan retina. Namun, manfaat penambahan DHA dalam susu formula bayi masih kontroversial. Pemberian DHA yang berlebihan pada bayi perlu diwaspadai mengingat kemungkinan terjadinya efek samping yang ditimbulkannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh metode analisis DHA secara kromatografi gas (KG) yang valid yang akan diterapkan untuk menetapkan kadar DHA dalam susu formula. Sebelum disuntikkan ke alat KG, lemak susu diekstraksi dengan kloroform-metanol (1:2) dan kemudian dimetilasi dalam metanol-toluen (4:1) dengan asetil klorida. Kondisi KG yang digunakan yaitu: suhu injektor 230ºC, suhu detektor 250ºC, suhu oven terprogram dengan suhu awal 130ºC dinaikkan 2ºC/menit sampai 230ºC kemudian suhu ditahan selama 20 menit, laju alir helium 2,00 ml/menit, split 1:3. Metode ini telah memenuhi syarat uji presisi dan uji perolehan kembali. Hasil penetapan kadar DHA dari 5 sampel susu formula bayi dan anak yaitu (27,49 ± 0,62) mg/100 g, (31,14 ± 0,43) mg/100 g, (11,83 ± 0,38) mg/100 g, (19,34 ± 0,58) mg/ 100 g, dan (45,87 ± 0,42) mg/100 g.

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important for development of infant's nervous and visual system because it is a major fatty acid in brain and retina phospholipids. However, the benefit of DHA addition in infant formula is still controversial. The over intake of DHA should be an awareness because of its side effect. The aim of this study was to get a valid analysis method of DHA using gas chromatography (GC) which will be used to determine the concentration of DHA in infant formula. Before being injected to GC, the milk fat was extracted with chloroform-methanol (1:2) and then methylated in methanol-toluene (4:1) with acetyl chloride. The GC conditions were: injector temperature was 230ºC, detector temperature was 250ºC, oven temperature was programmed to increase from 130ºC to 230ºC by 2ºC/minute and held for 20 minutes, helium flow rate was 2.00 ml/minute, and split ratio was 1:3. This method had passed the precision and recovery evaluation. The results of DHA determination in 5 infant formula samples were (27.49 ± 0.62) mg/100 g, (31.14 ± 0.43) mg/100 g, (11.83 ± 0.38) mg/100 g, (19.34 ± 0.58) mg/ 100 g, and (45.87 ± 0.42) mg/100 g."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan pengeluaran publik pemerintah daerah dan angka kematian bayi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi kasus pengeluaran publik kesehatan dengan menggunakan data panel Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2005 ? 2008. Pendekatan model data panel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan Fixed Effect Model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran publik kesehatan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik terhadap penurunan angka kematian bayi. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa variabel kontrol lain memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik terhadap penurunan angka kematian bayi.

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This study aims to analyze the relationship between local spending and infant mortality rate in the Province of West Java from the year of 2005 to 2008. The model developed for this study is fixed effect model of panel data regression. The result show that local spending on health and control variables have a statistically significant in reduce infant mortality rate.;This study aims to analyze the relationship between local spending and infant mortality rate in the Province of West Java from the year of 2005 to 2008. The model developed for this study is fixed effect model of panel data regression. The result show that local spending on health and control variables have a statistically significant in reduce infant mortality rate."

"ABSTRACTAngka Kematian Bayi (AKB) di Indonesia yaitu 22 per 1000 kelahiran hidup pada tahun 2015 menurut ASEAN, meski mengalami penurunan tetapi masih termasuk kedalam lima negara dengan AKB tertinggi di antara negara-negara ASEAN pada tahun 2015. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa AKB di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah yang perlu untuk diperhatikan agar dapat menekan AKB yang tinggi. Menurut Prichett dan Summers, kegiatan pencegahan dan pengobatan pada pelayanan kesehatan terkait kematian bayi dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial ekonomi. Faktor sosial ekonomi yang berkaitan dengan kelangsungan hidup bayi menurut teori Mosley dan Chen yaitu daerah tempat tinggal, status ekonomi, pendidikan, dan lain-lain. Salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam kelangsungan hidup bayi yaitu daerah tempat tinggal ibu yang mana merupakan lingkungan terdekat suatu individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan daerah tempat tinggal ibu dengan kematian bayi di Indonesia tahun 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2017 dengan desain studi cross sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu seluruh bayi lahir hidup tunggal dalam 5 tahun (2013-2017), yang dilahirkan oleh wanita usia 15-49 tahun yang menetap di Indonesia sebanyak 14.211. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan daerah tempat tinggal ibu berdasarkan kota desa tidak berhubungan dengan kematian bayi setelah variabel perancu dikendalikan,

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ABSTRACTThe Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Indonesia is 22 per 1000 live births in 2015 according to ASEAN, although it has decreased but it is still included in the five countries with the highest IMR among ASEAN countries in 2015. This shows that the IMR in Indonesia is still a problem that need to be considered in order to be able to suppress a high IMR. According to Prichett and Summers, prevention and treatment activities in health services regarding infant mortality is influenced by socio-economic factors. Socio-economic factors related to the survival of infants according to Mosley and Chens theory are the area of residence, economic status, education, and others. One of the factors that play a role in the survival of the infant is the area where the mother lives, which is the closest environment to an individual. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal residential area and infant mortality in Indonesia in 2017. This study uses secondary data from the Indonesian Health Demographic Survey in 2017 with a cross sectional study design. The sample in this study was all single-born infants in 5 years (2013-2017), who were born to women aged 15-49 years who lived in Indonesia as many as 14,211. The results of the study showed that the maternal residential area based on the urban rural was not related to infant mortality after confounding variables were controlled."

"Imunisasi pada masa anak-anak merupakan tindakan yang menimbulkan trauma karena menyebabkan nyeri. Tujuan penelitian untuk membandingkan pemberian ASI dan topikal anestesi terhadap respon nyeri imunisasi pada bayi di Puskesmas Bahu Manado. Desain penelitian adalah quasi experimental dengan rancangan perbandingan kelompok (static group comparism). Sampel yaitu bayi usia 0-12 bulan yang dilakukan tindakan penyuntikan imunisasi yang terdiri dari 49 responden kelompok intervensi ASI dan 49 responden kelompok intervensi topikal anestesi. Analisis perbedaan respon nyeri saat penyuntikan imunisasi menggunakan Mann-Whitney U test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respon nyeri bayi yang diberi ASI lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan bayi yang diberi topikal anestesi (p= 0,000). Rekomendasi penelitian ini yaitu ASI dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan respon nyeri bagi bayi.

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Immunization in childhood is a traumatic event for children, because it's causes pain. Research purposes to compare of providing milk and topical anesthesia administration to the pain response in infants immunized at the Primary Health Care Bahu Manado. Design research is quasi-experimental with comparison group design (static group comparism). The sample of infants aged 0-12 months who perceived immunization injection consisting of 49 respondents breastfeeding intervention group and 49 intervention group respondents topical anesthesia. Analysis of differences in pain response during immunization injections using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that pain response of breastfed babies is lower compared with infants who were given topical anesthesia (p = 0.000). Recommendations of this study that breast feeding can be used to reduce the pain response for infants."

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Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku pengasuhan induk betina dan jantan terhadap anak bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kemunculan perilaku pengasuhan oleh induk betina dan jantan bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) terhadap anak di kawasan konservasi ex situ Taman Safari Bogor. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah tiga individu bekantan yaitu, B1, B2, dan J1 yang memiliki anak berumur 8 bulan dan 20 bulan masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan focal animal sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval waktu 10 menit tanpa jeda. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 10 kali untuk masing-masing individu. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan data yang setara dengan 11.100 menit waktu pengamatan di Pusat Primata. Perilaku pengasuhan didominasi oleh induk betina bekantan B1 73,4%. Perilaku pengasuhan induk betina bekantan B1 didominasi oleh aktivitas menggendong yaitu sebesar 47,1%, sedangkan induk betina bekantan B2 dan induk jantan J1 didominasi oleh aktivitas kontak tubuh dengan masing-masing 43,3% dan 41,2%. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan usia bekantan anak yang lebih besar pada bekantan anak A2 dibandingkan A1. Keterbatasan ukuran kandang yang terdapat di Pusat Primata juga dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas kontak tubuh yang terjadi pada induk jantan.

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Research has been conducted about the parenting behavior of female and male proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) parents toward child in Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The study aims to evaluate the emergence of parenting behavior of female and male proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) parents to their child in Taman Safari Bogor as an ex situ conservation. Subjects observed were three individuals, B1, B2, and J1 which had children aged 8 month dan 20 month old. Observation of parenting behavior is using focal animal sampling and ad libitum method at interval 10 minutes without a break. Observations were carried out for one month with repetition 10 times for each individual. The results of the study obtained is equivalent to 11,100 minutes of observation time at the Primate Center. Parenting behavior is dominated by female parent B1 73.4%. Parenting behavior of female parent B1 is dominated by cradling activities as much as 47.1%, whereas female parent B2 and male parent J1 are dominated by body contact activities with 43.3% and 41.2%. This is due to the greater age difference in child proboscis monkey in A2 compared to A1. Limitation of the cage size located in Primate Center area can affect the body contact that occurs in the male parent.

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"In a number of studies of the determinants of infant and child health,maternal education emerges as perhaps the strongest socioeconomic predictorof infant and child health (Cochrane et al. 1980; Cleland and van Ginneltin1988; United Nations 1985; Hobcraft et al. 1985). However, e_,@'orts toexplain wig; more educated mothers have healthier children have been largelyinconclusive. if maternal education alters infant and child health risks, it mustaffect [actor directly related to health, such as nutrien intake, exposure topathogens, susceptibility to pathogens, and two dimensions of behavior thatpotentially affect infant and child health and survival: knowledge and use ofhealth services; and characteristics of the home environment that might affectthe transmission of diseases. Our result demonstrate a strong relationshipbetween maternal education and a number of health-related factors: theabsence of trash and waste in the vicinity of the home, adequate ventilation,drinking and bathing water sources inside the home, electrification, ability toidentify specific health prenotal early use of prenatal care and deliveryassistance. The relatioships are robust to controls for household economicstatus, childhood residence, and even to very rigorous controls for residence."

"Indonesia's infant mortality rate declined to 64' infannt deaths perl ,000 live births in l99l _ Adolescent mothers. women who first married underthe age of lS. and mothers who did not obtain antenatal care and tetanusimmunizations were at greater risk of experiencing an infant death. In addition.levels of infant mortality were substantially higher when births were spacedcloser together. For example, the infant mortality rate among adolescentmothers was l25 when births were spaced less than 24 .months apart and 96when births were separated by more than two years. Roughly half of all infantdeaths occur within the first 28 days of life in Indonesia. Findings indicate thatmothers who were less than 20 years of age. who did not have antenatal careand tetanus immunizations. and who spaced births less than 24 months apartwere more likely to experience a neonatal death. With the exception ofantenatal care, these factors were also associated with elevated levels ofpostnatal mortality (infant deaths that occur when infants are between l-l2months of age). However, postneonatal mortality was also higher amongmothers who gave birth at home rather than in a health facility, who wereassisted at delivery by non-medical staff and who had lower levels ofeducational attainment. Postneonatal mortality is determined by a broaderarray of program and socioeconomic measures than neonatal mortality. andmay be reduced more readily through Family Planning/Mother and ChildHealth (FPAHCH) service interventions. In order to reduce both neonatal andpostneonatal mortality. greater effort should be made to increase the age at first birth. space births more than two years. and attain higher tetanus coveragelevels among expectant mothers."

" The study attempted to identify important ejects ofdemographic characteristics on infant and child mortality. The datafor the study was collected in 2004 under the project of the UNFPAentitled "Strengthening the Department of Population Science andHuman Resource Development" of Rajshahi University,Bangladesh. Application of logistic regression model suggests thatdemographic factors are associated with the chance of cliildsurvival. Breastfeeding and immunization practice of children hashighly significant effects on infant and child mortality among all theincluded demographic variables. The results show that the risk ofinfant and child mortality was higher for children whose mothernever breastfed than for children who were breastfed. The analysisresults also show that the children who got full immunizations hadlower risks of infant and child mortality than those who were notimmunized at all. Similarly, risk of infant and child mortalitygradually declined as both mother ?s age at marriage and mother 'sage at birth increased"