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"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan pupuk organik cair dan tepung pakanayam dari pengolahan limbah pembuatan tempe. Pembuatan pupuk cair darilimbah hasil perebusan kedelai menggunakan bioaktivator EM4 untuk tanamansedangkan untuk pembuatan pakan ayam menggunakan bioaktivator EM4 untukpeternakan sebagai sumber mikroba fermentasi. Pada penelitian ini akandilakukan optimasi dengan memvariasikan perbandingan konsentrasi bioaktivator,serta lama fermentasi untuk mencari kandungan karbon organik pada pupuk cairdan protein pada pakan ayam yang memenuhi standard. Parameter lain dalamstandard kemudian juga diuji pada produk akhir hasil optimasi. Pada pembuatanpupuk didapat nilai paling optimum dan telah memenuhi persyaratan teknisminimal pupuk organik cair adalah pada pemberian EM4 sebanyak 20 % dari totalcampuran dan waktu fermentasi 5 hari. Pada pembuatan pakan, kandungan proteinoptimum didapat dari fermentasi menggunakan EM4 sebesar 10 % dari larutandengan lama fermentasi 14 hari. Campuran limbah padat terfermentasi denganvoer 511 mampu memenuhi syarat minimum protein dengan waktu fermentasi 7hari.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to produce liquid organic fertilizer and chicken feed

wheat from tempe manufacture waste. Liquid fertilizer was made from soybeansboiling

water using EM4 bioactivator for plants and the chicken feed was made

using EM4 bioactivator for livestock as a source of microbial fermentation. In this

study, optimization performed by varying the bioactivator concentration ratio and

the length of fermentation duration to find the organic carbon content in liquid

fertilizers and protein in chicken feed that meets the standard. Other parameters in

the standar also tested in the final product optimization results. In the manufacture

of fertilizers obtained the optimum value and has met the minimum technical

requirements of liquid organic fertilizer is the provision of EM4 as much as 20%

of the total mixture and 5 days of fermentation. In the manufacture of feed, the

optimum protein content obtained from the fermentation using EM4 of 10% of the

solution with 14 days of fermentation. Mixture of solid waste fermented with a

511 voer was able to meet the minimum requirement of protein with 7 days of

fermentation."

"This research was conducted to study the effect of the mixtures of sago waste and chicken excreta fermented utilization in rations on broiler performance, carcass physical quality as well as the meat chemical quality. The mixture of sago waste and chicken excreta was fermented in 48 hours using effective microorganism-4. The research was biological experiment using the respective fermented materials in broiler rations with level of 0% (R0), 4% (Rl), 8% (R2) and 12% (R3). Each dietary treatment had five replications of five broiler chickens each. Variables was observed were broiler performance (feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion), carcass physical quality (live weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat percentage) and chemical quality of meat (water contents, fat and protein). Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance of one way Completely Randomized Design, and differences between means were tested using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results indicated that the use of fermented mixtures up to 8% in broiler rations had increased body weight, live weight and carcass percentage, and fat flesh content and it was better than birds receiving control ration. The use of 12% fermented materials in the ration had no significant effect on feed consumption, abdominal fat percentage, as well as water contents and protein of the flesh."

"ABSTRAKDengan meningkatnya volume timbulan limbah ikan, maka diperlukan suatu teknologi pengolahan limbah yang efektif, mudah diterapkan, dan murah. Salah satu cara pengolahan limbah ikan adalah dengan proses fermentasi. Produk fermentasi limbah ikan disebut silase ikan. Silase pada penelitian ini akan dibuat dengan cara biologi (fermentasi) dan kimiawi. Proses biologi dilakukan dengan penambahan bakteri asam laktat dan molase yang divariasikan komposisinya (10%, 15%, dan 25%). Sedangkan proses kimiawi dilakukan dengan penambahan asam formiat 3%. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menginvestigasi kualitas silase yang dihasilkan dengan penambahan molase maupun dengan penambahan asam formiat. Penelitian menggunakan wadah anaerobik yang berisi campuran limbah ikan dengan berat 10 kg dan waktu pengamatan selama 40 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas silase mempunyai nilai pH berkisar antara 3,79-4,42; kadar air berkisar 75,9-81,7%; kadar abu berkisar 7,0-8,5%; kadar lemak berkisar 1,0-1,2%; kadar protein berkisar 9,5-10,7% dan jumlah bakteri berkisar 3,1x106-7,2X106. Kualitas silase yang dihasilkan dari penambahan asam formiat lebih baik dibandingkan dengan penambahan molase (10%, 15%, dan 25%).

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ABSTRACTWith increasing volumes of fish waste generation, we need a waste treatment technology that is effective, easy to implement, and inexpensive. Fish waste fermentation is the answer. Fish waste fermentation product called fish silage. Silage in this study will be made by biologically (fermentation) and chemically. Biological process carried out by the addition of lactic acid bacteria and molasses with varied composition (10%, 15%, and 25%). While the chemical process carried out by the addition of formic acid 3%. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of silage produced with the addition of molasses or with the addition of formic acid. This research using anaerobic container, which contains a mixture of fish waste with a weight of 10 kg and a 40-day observation period. The results showed, pH values ranging from 3,79 to 4,42; water content ranged from 75,9 to 81,7%; ash content ranged from 7,0 to 8,5%; fat content ranged from 1,0 to 1,2%; protein content ranged from 9,5 to 10,7% and the number of bacteria ranged 3,1x106 to 7,2X106. Silage quality from the addition of formic acid is better than the addition of molasses ( 10 % , 15 % , and 25 % )"

"Rhizopus oryzae is known to produce lactic acid, protease and lipase, make it potential as a starter in cheese production. However, R. oryzae application in the unripened cheese production has not been elucidated. In this research, microbiology and nutritional status of unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae was analyzed and compared to that of the cheese made by rennet as a control. total plate count of bacteria in unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae was 8.1 X 10 cfu/ml in PCA medium and 3.7 X 10 cfu/ml in MRSA. Total count of funig group was conducted using PDA, resulting 1.2 X 10 cfu/ml. Dominant microflora were identified as enterococcus faecalis and bacillus subtilis in MRSA and Aspergillus sp. in PDA. HPLC analysis of the unripened cheese fermented by R. oryzae showed that in had higher essential amino acid content than the control. The essential amino acid found were Threonine (1,15 ppm), L-Methionine (0,47 ppm), L-Valine + L-Tryptophan (0,70 ppm), L-Phenylalanine (0,66 ppm), L-Isoleucine (0,48 ppm), L-Leucine (1,28 ppm), and L-Lycine (1,64 ppm)."

"Lipase mikrobial telah menunjukkan potensi besar sebagai biokatalis di berbagai sektor industri bioteknologi mengingat kemampuannya untuk melakukan aktivitas hidrolitik pada temperatur dan tekanan rendah. Berdasarkan hasil riset, diketahui limbah agoindustri mampu bekerja sebagai substrat yang baik pada proses produksi lipase melalui fermentasi substrat padat (SSF). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan sintesis lipase ekstraseluler hasil fermentasi kapang Aspergillus niger dengan metode SSF pada limbah agroindustri berupa bungkil kedelai, bungkil inti sawit, dan serbuk sabut kelapa. Kondisi optimum produksi lipase dikarakterisasi lebih lanjut dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi induser minyak zaitun dan waktu fermentasi. Diperoleh aktivitas spesifik tertinggi 6,22 U/mL dari substrat bungkil kedelai pada waktu fermentasi 9 hari dan penambahan 4% induser. Kinerja lipase dianalisis lebih lanjut pada sampel lipase ekstrak kering hasil pengeringan melalui metode spray drying dan lipase terimobilisasi secara adsorpsi-crosslinking pada resin anion-makropori. Lipase hasil spray drying menunjukkan aktivitas 45 U/g enzim dengan enzyme loading 48,78%. Lipase terimobilisasi diuji nilai aktivitas dengan reaksi hidrolisis dan stabilitas enzim dalam mengkatalisis reaksi interesterifikasi sintesis biodiesel rute non-alkohol pada reaktor batch dengan perbandingan mol reaktan minyak kelapa sawit dan metil asetat 1:12 pada suhu reaksi 40oC selama 50 jam. Diperoleh hasil bahwa lipase terimobilisasi memiliki aktivitas 7,64 U/mL dengan nilai yield relatif 57% dari yield awal setelah empat kali siklus interesterifikasi.

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Microbial lipase has shown great potentials in acting as a biocatalysts in many biotechnological applications due to its ability to perform hydrolitic activities at low temperature and pressure conditions. Many research proves that agroindustrial residues can be an ex-cellent substrate for the production of lipase by solid state fermentation (SSF). This study aimed to produce extracellular lipase from solid state fermentation of filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger by SSF on agroindustrial residues such as palm kernel cake, soybean meal, and coir pith. Fermentation was carried out at room temperature, initial pH of 7, with no improved condition by stirring or aeration. Produced enzymes were later characterized at several inducer concentration and incubation period.

This research obtained lipase with highest activity of 6,22 U/mL coming from soybean meal with 9 days of incubation and addition of 4% olive oil inducer. Lipase activity was further investigated by spray drying and immobilizing anion-macroporous resin. Spray dried lipase showed 45 U/g enzyme activity and enzyme loading of 48,78%. Immobilized enzyme activity was analyzed by hydrolisis and stability was analyzed by utilizing it as a biocatalyst for interesterification reaction in non-alcohol route of biodiesel synthesis in batch reactor with mole comparison 1:!2 of reactant palm oil and methyl acetate in reaction temperature of 40oC and 50 hour cycle. Immobilized enzyme have activity of 7,64 U/mL and relative yield of 57% after four cycle of interesterification."

"Kebutuhan akan jenis katalis yang berasal dari bahan baku hayati (biokatalis) semakin meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan produk yang berbasis ramah lingkungan. Sebagian besar produk enzim untuk industri di Indonesia masih berstatus impor sebanyak 99%. Perkiraan nilai pasar dunia khusus di industri enzim mencapai angka 4,4 miliar USD dan untuk konsumsi enzim dalam negeri telah mencapai 187,5 miliar rupiah dengan kebutuhan enzim mencapai 2.500 ton di tahun 2015. Untuk mencapai kebutuhan biokatalis (enzim) yang tidak sedikit, diperlukan produksi secara massal dengan simulasi produksi menggunakan aplikasi SuperPro Designer v9.0 untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang diinginkan dan merancang alat produksi enzim lipase berbasis medium padat (fermentasi Solid State) dengan memanfaatkan equipment berupa Tray Bioreactor, filter press, centrifuge, mixing tank 2, dan dryer. Analisis keekonomian berupa NPV, IRR, Payback Period, dan Benefit Cost Ratio yang lebih menguntungkan antara basis produk 1 kg dengan 10 kg adalah produksi enzim dengan basis 10 kg dengan NPV Rp112.796.147.423,00; IRR 54,20%; Payback Period 1,95 tahun; dan Benefit Cost Ratio 3,36.

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Needs for this kind of catalyst derived from biological raw materials (biocatalysts) has increased along with the development of products based on environmentally friendly. Most of the enzyme product for the industry in Indonesia still an import as much as 99%. Estimated value of the world market specialized in enzyme industry reached 4.4 billion USD and for the consumption of enzymes in the country has reached 187.5 billion rupiah to the needs of the enzyme reached 2,500 tons in 2015. To achieve the needs of the biocatalyst (enzyme) that is not less, is needed A mass production with production simulation using SuperPro Designer v9.0 application to get the desired conditions and equipment designing of production lipase enzyme-based solid medium (fermentation solid State) by utilizing equipment such as Tray Bioreactor, filter press, centrifuge, mixing tank 2, and dryer , Economic analysis in the form of NPV, IRR, Payback Period, and the Benefit Cost Ratio is more advantageous product base 1 kg to 10 kg is the production of an enzyme with a base of 10 kg with a NPV Rp112.796.147.423,00; IRR 54.20%; The Payback Period of 1.95 years; and Benefit Cost Ratio of 3.36."

"Dua persen dari 48 juta penyandang cacat menderita tuna grahita, dimana penyebab terbesar adalah kekurangan Arachidonic Acid AA , Docosahexaeonic Acid DHA dan Eicosapentanoic Acid EPA yang berperan dalam perkembangan otak. Single Cell Oil, yaitu pemanfaatan mikroorganisme satu sel, dapat menjadi solusi, seperti kapang Aspergillus oryzae, untuk menghasilkan AA, DHA EPA. Kapang A. oryzae dikultivasi pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar PDA, Czapek Dox Agar CDA dan Malt Extract Agar MEA, lalu divariasikan waktu inkubasinya selama 2,4,5,6 dan 7 hari pada medium yang optimal. Lipid kapang diekstrak menggunakan etanol dan n-heksana. Karakterisasi lipid kapang dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi gas GC. Medium yang paling optimal adalah CDA dengan produktivitas lipid 21,516. Waktu inkubasi yang paling optimal pada medium CDA adalah 5 hari dengan produktivitas lipid sebesar 33,59 yang mengandung 58,3 asam lemak tak jenuh. Komposisi asam lemak tak jenuh yang dihasilkan pada hari ke-5 adalah 29,2 oleat; 29,1 linoleat dan 0,046 EPA.

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Two percent of the 48 million people with disabilities suffer from mental illness, where the biggest cause is the lack of Arachidonic Acid AA , Docosahexaeonic Acid DHA and Eicosapentanoic Acid EPA that play a role in brain development. Single Cell Oil, which utilizes one cell microorganism, can be a solution, such as Aspergillus oryzae, to produce AA, DHA EPA. A. oryzae was cultivated on Potato Dextrose Agar PDA, Czapek Dox Agar CDA and Malt Extract Agar MEA, then the incubation time are 2,4,5,6 and 7 days in optimal medium. Lipid were extracted using ethanol and n hexane. The characterization of lipid was done by gas chromatography GC method. The most optimal medium is CDA with a lipid yield of 21.516. The most optimal incubation time on CDA medium was 5 days with 33.59 lipid productivity containing 58.3 unsaturated fatty acid. The unsaturated fatty acid composition produced on the 5th day was 29.2 oleate 29.1 linoleate and 0.046 EPA."

"Zat yang harus terpenuhi untuk proses perkembangan sel terutama sel otak, adalah asam lemak seperti AA, DHA dan EPA. Kapang dapat menjadi sumber alternatif asam lemak tak jenuh seperti omega 3, omega 6, dan omega 9 khususnya AA, DHA dan EPA. Dalam penelitian ini, akan dilakukan penelitian mengenai variasi kondisi operasi yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan Aspergillus oryzae dalam produksi asam lemak tak jenuh AA, DHA dan EPA dengan metode Submerged Fermentation menggunakan media sintetis dan ekstrasi bertingkat. Aspergillus oryzae akan dikultivasi pada medium PDA dengan menggunakan sumber karbon pada substrat berupa glukosa dan Ammonium sulfate serta yeast extract sebagai sumber nitrogen. Ekstraksi yang digunakan menggunakan etanol dan n-heksana. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa laju agitasi optimum untuk produksi asam lemak tak jenuh dari Aspergillus oryzae adalah 120 RPM dengan yield lipid sebesar 28,28 dan menghasilkan kadar asam lemak tak jenuh sebesar 50,36 . Laju agitasi optimum untuk produksi EPA adalah sebesar 120 RPM dengan komposisi EPA yang didapatkan sebesar 2,42. Serta pH medium optimum untuk produksi asam lemak tak jenuh dari Aspergillus oryzae adalah pH 6 dengan yield lipid sebesar 22,35 dan menghasilkan kadar asam lemak tak jenuh sebesar 45,5. Sedangkan Suhu inkubasi optimum untuk produksi asam lemak tak jenuh dari Aspergillus oryzae adalah 25°C dengan yield lipid sebesar 13,19 dan menghasilkan kadar asam lemak tak jenuh sebesar 62,15 . Jenis asam lemak tak jenuh yang diperoleh dari Aspergillus oryzae adalah oleat, linoleat, linolenat dan EPA.There are several substances that needs to be fulfill to keep the brain cell growth such as AA, DHA and EPA. Fungi is one of the alternative source of omega 3, omega 6, omega 9 especially AA, DHA and EPA. This research variates operating condition that is suitable for the growth of Aspergillus oryzae in AA, DHA, and EPA fatty acid production with Submerged Fermentation using synthetic medium and layered extraction. Aspergillus oryzae will be cultivated in medium using glucose as carbon source and Ammonium sulfate and yeast extract as nitrogen source. The extraction method using ethanol and n hexane as solvent.

The result shows that optimum agitation rate for unsaturated fatty acid production of Aspergillus oryzae is 120 RPM, lipid yield 28,28 and unsaturated fatty acid content 50,36. Optimum medium pH for PUFA production of Aspergillus oryzae is 6, lipid yield 22,35 and unsaturated fatty acid content 45,5. Optimum incubation temperature for unsaturated fatty acid production of Aspergillus oryzae is 25°C, lipid yield 13,19 and unsaturated fatty acid content 62,15. Unsaturated fatty acids produced from Aspergillus oryzae are oleic, linoleic, linolenic and EPA."