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"The pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.) is very popular and can be easily be found in Indonesia. In the canning process; much of the pineapple peel waste are produced. This waste is potential to be utilized for substrate fermentation, such as for nata de pina fermentation. Pineapple peel are squeezed to get juice (mill juice). Into the mill juice is added 3 kinds- of sucrose concentration (5%, 7.5%, 10%) and also 3 kinds of Nitrogen sources [NH4H2P04 ; (NH4)7S04 ; Yeast Extract] with 3 different concentration (0.25% , 0.50% , 0,75%). Nata bacteria, A. xylinum TISTR 107 is maintained in Tomato Peptone Sucrose Salt Medium broth. Starter of a 7 day old with 10% concentration is used to inoculate the 70 ml of substrate fermentation. Fermentation is carried out in marmalade's bottle (ca. 350 ml). with still culture method for 14 days at room temperature (31°C). The best nata thickness is obtained from sucrose with 7.5-10% concentration and yeast extract with 0.5-0.75% concentration (0.91 - 1.04 cm). However, sucrose with 0.5% concentration. and yeast extract 0.75% concentration also produce 0.95% nata thickness. The thinnest nata production is obtained from substrate with sucrose 10% concentration and (NH4)2S04 (0.23 - 0.25 cm)."

"ABSTRAKAspergillus tamarii merupakan mikroorganisme jenis kapang dari marga Aspergillus. Kapang dikenal sebagai mikroorganisme yang dapat mensekresi protein dan metabolit tingkat tinggi dalam media kultur, yang menjadikannya berguna secara industri. Aspergillus tamarii tergolong dalam jenis kapang yang aman untuk dimanfaatkan oleh manusia. Dalam review ini akan dirangkum pemanfaatan Aspergillus tamarii dan kondisi optimum yang dibutuhkannya. Pemanfaatan Aspergillus tamarii dilakukan melalui proses fermentasi, baik dengan metode Solid State Fermentation (SSF) ataupun Submerged Fermentation (SmF). Hasil dari pemanfaatan tersebut berupa produk-produk bioteknologi yang dapat digunakan pada berbagai bidang industri seperti industri pangan, tekstil, farmasi, dan kertas. Produk bioteknologi yang dapat dihasilkan antara lain yaitu enzim seperti amilase, protease, xilanase, β fruktofuranosidase, pektinase, dan tannase, serta metabolit sekunder seperti asam kojat. Kondisi optimum fermentasi diperoleh melalui optimasi terhadap substrat yang digunakan, suhu dan pH kultur fermentasi, tingkat aerasi dan agitasi, serta waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses fermentasi. Kondisi optimum yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi enzim seperti amilase, yakni substrat yang mengandung polisakarida, pH 4-10, dan suhu 30oC.

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ABSTRACT

Aspergillus tamarii is a type of mold microorganism from the genus of Aspergillus. Molds are known as the microorganisms that can secrete high levels of proteins and metabolites in their culture medium, which makes them industrially useful. Aspergillus tamarii is classified as a type of mold that is safe for human use. This review will summarize the application of Aspergillus tamarii and the optimal conditions they need. Application of Aspergillus tamarii is carried out through a fermentation process, either by the Solid State Fermentation (SSF) or Submerged Fermentation (SmF) methods. The results of these applications are produce of biotechnology products that can be used in various industrial fields such as the food, textile, pharmaceutical and paper industries. Biotechnology products that can be produced include enzymes such as amylase, protease, xylanase, β fructofuranosidase, pectinase, and tannase, as well as secondary metabolites such as kojat acid. The optimum fermentation conditions are obtained through optimization of the substrate used, temperature and pH of the fermentation culture, aeration and agitation, and time required for the fermentation process. For example, the optimum conditions needed to produce enzymes such as amylase, which is a substrate that contains polysaccharides, pH 4-10, and temperature 30oC.

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"Fungi insecticide or well known as mycoinsecticide is produced from propagules of entomopaghonous fungi. It is a comman knowledge that fungi can kill insects, individually or in epizootics and methods for isolation and exploration of fungi are well known..."

"Basic of cocoa bean preparation process is fermentation . Fermentation is done espicially to improve and build specific chocolate flavour of cocoa bean and its products,i.e cocoa liquor, butter, and powder and also to decrease this disliked flavors like better and acid...."

"Basic of cocoa bean preparation process is fermentation. Fermentation is done especially to improve and build specific chocolate flavour of cocoa bean and its products, i.e. cocoa liquor, butter, and powder; and also to decrease the disliked flavors, like bitter and acid. Research of cocoa bean fermentation was hold on in Subak Abian Pucaksari, Tabanan. This research involved 20 cooperative farmers with 0,5 hectare farm area per each farmer. The treatment used was time of cocoa bean fermentation, i.e. without fermentation, not fully fermentation (4 days), and fully fermentation (5 days). Variables abserved were dried cocoa bean's physic and chemical quality, and also cocoa product's chemical and organoleptic quality. Organoleptic test done to cocoa liquor and powder was descriptive and ranking test used 15 semi-trained panelists. The ersult showed that the fermentation process had significant influence to dried cocoa bean's chemical quality and its products. Fermentation had no significant influence to dried cocoa bean's physic quality. For organoleptic quality attributes, all panelists gave the highest rank for cocoa liquor and powder prepared from fullyfermented cocoa bean."

"This research is aimed for knowing the influence of temperature, pH, and their interaction on the amount and quality of oils formed in fermentative extraction of coconut oil using bakers, yeast the treatment examined temperature divided into four treatments, pH divided into two treatments, and three repetitions. All treatment in this research met SII. The research result show that: (1) Treatment of temperatures give different effects on the amount of oils, temperatures of 35 C and 30 C produced the highest amount of oil, give different ffects on water content, temperatures of 30 C and 35 C resulted in the lowest amount of water content, gave different effect on iodine number, and on lathering number, temperature of 35 C resulted in the lowest number, did not give different effects on the level of free-fast acid. (2) Treatment of pH did not give different effect on the amount of oil, on water content but give different effect on iodine number, on lathering number, pH of 4 was lower the pH of 4.5. (3) Interaction of treatments of temperatures and pHs give different effect on the amount of oil, temperatures of 35 C with pH of 4 and temperatures of 30 C with pH 4 produced highest amount of oil, give different effect on water content, temperature of 30 C with the pH of 4.5 resulted in the lowest amount of water content, the temperature of 25 C with pH 4.5 produced high water content (0.55%), temperature 30 C with pH 4.5 resulted in the lowest peroxide number. It gives diffent effect on the content of free fats acid, produced oil white bright colour, good taste and smell and it was not immediately rancid"

"ABSTRAKCocopeat serat kelapa dan sampah daun kering biasanya tidak mempunyai nilai jual. Kandungan dari kedua biomassa seperti lignin, selulosa, hemiselulosa dan kandungan bisa dimanfaatkan menjadi etanol dengan bantuan bakteri Zymomonas mobilis untuk proses fermentasi dan selulosa untuk proses hidrolisis. Proses produksi etanol melalui tiga tahap yaitu delignifikas, hidrolisis, dan fermentasi. Pengukuran absorbansi dilakukan untuk melihat pertumbuhan bakteri Zymomonas mobilis dan selulosa. Absorbansi tertinggi Zymomonas mobilis pada hari ke 4 yaitu 2.336 dan selulosa pada hari ke 3 sebesar 0.217. Absorbansi yang tinggi menghasilkan kecepatan produksi alkohol yang maksimum. Kadar alkohol yang paling tinggi pada biomassa 15 gram Cocopeat adalah 0.3701 dan sampah daun kering sebesar 0.2957.

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ABSTRACTCocopeat coconut fiber and dry leaf litter usually do not have marketable value . The content of the biomass such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and the content can be utilized to ethanol by Zymomonas mobilis bacteria for fermentation and hydrolysis of cellulose to process. The ethanol production process through three stages delignification, hydrolysis, and fermentation. Absorbance measurement was conducted to see the growth of bacteria Zymomonas mobilis and cellulose. The highest absorbance Zymomonas mobilis on day 4, namely 2.336 and cellulose on day 3 of 0.217. High absorbance generate maximum speed of alcohol production. The most high alcohol have 15 gram content to Cocopeat is 0.3701 and the dry leaf litter at 0.2957 ."

"ABSTRAKAdrenalin merupakan neurotransmitter yang penting dalam tubuh yang akan dilepaskan dari tubuh pada saat berada dalam kondisi emosional dan kondisi fisik atau emosi pada saat stress, seperti hipoglikemia Robertson et al., 2003 , berolah raga Watt et al., 2001 , rasa sakit berlebih pada tubuh Wortsman, 2002 . Diagnosis dini berdasarkan penentuan kandungan adrenalin dalam plasma dan urin dapat mencegah penggunaan obat yang tidak diperlukan Hollenbach et al., 1998 . Metode fiber optic biosensor digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan adrenalin karena memiliki kelebihan sensitivitas yang tinggi, respon yang cepat, biaya yang lebih rendah, berukuran lebih kecil, ringan, dan dapat dipantau secara real-time. Untuk mendeteksi adrenalin dengan fiber optic biosensor diperlukan enzim lakase yang menyebabkan reduksi molekul oksigen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan sintesis lakase ekstraseluler hasil fermentasi kapang Trametes versicolor dengan metode solid state fermentation pada limbah lignoselulosik berupa batang jagung, jerami, dan ampas tebu. Kondisi yang terbaik produksi lakase dikarakterisasi lebih lanjut degan mevariaskan perlakukan terhadap substrat dan volume nutrisi. Lakase yang diperoleh dari kondisi yang terbaik kemudian akan dibandingkan nilai k-nya terhadap nilai k enzim lakase komersial dengan metode Euler. Kondisi yang terbaik yang diperoleh adalah dengan menggunakan substrat batang jagung yang telah diberi perlakuan steam explosion, kemudian ditambahkan dengan nutrisi yang menghasilkan unit aktivitas sebesar 6,885 U/mL. Nilai k yang diperoleh dari enzim yang diproduksi sebesar 0,0065 dengan nilai error sebesar 2,96.

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ABSTRACTAdrenaline is an important neurotransmitter in the body that will be released from the body when someone is in emotional state or in state of physical and emotional stress, such as hypoglycemia Robertson et al., 2003 , work out Watt et al., 2001 , excessive pain in the body Wortsman, 2002 . Early diagnosis based on the determination of adrenaline concentration in plasma and urine can prevent unnecessary drug use Hollenbach et al., 1998 . The fiber optic biosensor method is used to detect the presence of adrenaline because it has high sensitivity advantages, fast response, lower cost, smaller size, light weight, and can be monitored in real time. To detect adrenaline with a fiber optic biosensor, a lacase enzyme is required to reduce oxygen molecules. The aim of this research is to extract extracellular laccase from fermentation of Trametes versicolor with solid state fermentation method on lignocellulosic waste in the form of corn stalk, straw, and bagasse. The best condition conditions obtained is using cornstalk as substrate with additional treatment steam explotion and with adding nutrient. Enzyme that obtained from the best condition condition has 6,885 U mL unit activity. The k constant that achieved from produced enzyme is 0,0065 with error margin 2,96."

"Minuman kefir merupakan suatu produk fermentasi yang dapat dibuat secara mudah dan murah. Minuman kefir dikenal luas sebagai suatu minuman probiotik. Pembuatan kefir dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan baik susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi dan susu kambing, serta mengisolasi bakteri lactobacilli yang berperan. Aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir diuji berdasarkan perbedaan pada jenis susu yang digunakan dan lama waktu fermentasi. Isolasi dan karakterisasi isolat dilakukan berdasarkan Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Kefir dibuat dengan menginokulasikan 5% (w/v) granula kefir lokal ke dalam 50 mL susu sapi atau kambing yang telah dipasteurisasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 3, 4, dan 5 hari untuk kedua jenis susu. Uji antibakteri dari kefir dilakukan dengan metode difusi menggunakan silinder (cylinder diffusion method) terhadap 5 bakteri uji, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 dan Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. Pengukuran nilai pH kefir dilakukan dengan pH meter dan nilai total asam kefir dengan metode titrasi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kelima bakteri uji. Secara umum kefir susu sapi menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih kecil dari kefir susu kambing, baik dari hasil fermentasi dengan lama waktu 3, 4, maupun 5 hari. Selanjutnya, aktivitas antibakteri yang paling optimal secara umum diperoleh pada kefir dengan lama fermentasi 4 hari baik untuk kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Sebanyak 9 isolat bakteri berhasil diisolasi. Seluruhnya menunjukkan karakteristik bakteri yang berasal dari kelompok lactobacilli.

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Kefir is a fermented beverage that can be made easily and cheaply. Kefir is widely known as a probiotic beverage. The production of kefir can be done using either cow milk or goat milk. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of cow milk and goat milk kefir, as well as to isolate responsible lactobacilli bacteria. The antibacterial activity of kefir is examined based on differences in type of milk used and fermentation time. The isolation and characterization of isolates is done according to Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. The kefirs are made by inoculating 5% (w/v) local kefir grains into 50 mL pasteurized cow milk or goat milk. Fermentation was carried out for 3, 4, and 5 days for both types of milk. The antibacterial test of kefirs was carried out using diffusion method utilizing cylinders (cylinder diffusion method) against 5 test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 and Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. The measurement of kefir pH values was performed using pH meter and kefir total acidities by using titration method. Antibacterial activity test results from either cow milk or goat milk kefir showed the presence of antibacterial activity against five test bacteria. In general, cow milk kefir showed lower antibacterial activity than goat milk kefir in fermentation times of either 3, 4, or 5 days. Furthermore, the most optimal antibacterial activity was generally obtained in kefirs with a fermentation time of 4 days for both cow milk and goat milk kefir. A total of 9 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated. All of which shows the characteristics of bacteria from the lactobacilli group."

"Xylitol is a sugar alcohol used as a sweetener in the food industry. Xylitol can be produced from D-xylose using a fermentation process, but it then needs to be separated from the other components of the fermentation broth (e.g., metabolic products, residual substances, biomass cells, and mineral salts), before being purified as xylitol crystals. Therefore, to obtain high purity xylitol, various separation processes are required. One very promising downstream processing method is membrane separation. This study evaluated membrane-based processes for the separation of biomass cells and other impurities, determined the concentration of xylitol produced from Debaryomyces hansenii yeast fermentation broth, and proposed a polysulfone ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for biomass-cell separation followed by polyamide nanofiltration (NF) to remove low-molecular-weight compounds (e.g., acetic acids) from sugars. The effects of operating pressure were examined using a fermentation broth model solution. The results showed that a higher pressure caused a higher permeate flux; however, the permeate flux’s rate flow decreased over time due to concentration polarization, and fouling in the UF and NF membranes. Nevertheless, at all pressures, UF achieved a 99% rejection of biomass cells. In addition, microscope analysis showed that no biomass cells were detected in the permeates of UF. The resulting NF concentrates revealed high xylitol retention and a beneficially lower concentration of acetic acids. The operating pressures of the UF test conditions were 1 barg and 1.5 barg, illustrating that, at a pressure of 5.5 barg, the experiments achieved reasonably high xylitol retention (above 90%) indicating negligible losses of sugar in the permeate port. Moreover, this was proven to be a feasible way to concentrate xylitol up to three times from the initial concentration of the model fermentation broth (MFB). Therefore, the results demonstrated that a two-stage combination of UF and NF is a promising system for the downstream processing of microbial xylitol production."