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"Penggunaan bahan bakar fosil oleh manusia menimbulkan ancaman serius, yaitu jaminan ketersediaan bahan bakar fosil untuk beberapa dekade mendatang dan polusi akibat emisi pembakaran bahan bakar fosil ke lingkungan. Kesadaran terhadap ancaman tersebut telah mengintensifkan berbagai riset yang bertujuan menghasilkan sumber-sumber energi alternatif yang berkelanjutan dan lebih ramah lingkungan. Salah satu energi alternatif yang relatif murah ditinjau aspek produksinya dan relatif ramah lingkungan adalah pengembangan bioetanol dari limbah kertas yang banyak mengandung lignoselulosa. Penelitian pembuatan etanol dari kertas intinya adalah dengan proses Sakarafikasi dan Fermentasi Serentak (SSF). Enzim selulase dan yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae digunakan untuk hidrolisis dan fermentasi dalam proses SSF tersebut. PH yang digunakan adalah pH 5 karena pada penelitian konversi etanol sebelumnya pH 5 adalah pH optimum. Proses SSF dilakukan dengan waktu inkubasi selama 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 jam. Aktifitas yang digunakan adalah 0,2; 0,3; dan 0,5gr. Sebelum dilakukan proses hidrolisis dan fermentasi perlu adanya proses Pada penelitian ini jenis limbah kertas yang diuji adalah hanya limbah kertas HVS bertinta, HVS kosong dan kertas koran. Penelitian konversi limbah kertas menjadi etanol dengan dengan menggunakan enzim selulase yang akan dilakukan diharapkan mampu membantu riset-riset selanjutnya dan dikembangkan ke arah komersial untuk mendukung konservasi energi dan penggunaan energi alternatif bioetanol sebagai pensubstitusi minyak bumi yang ketersediaannya mulai terbatas, serta diharapkan limbah-limbah khususnya limbah kertas yang menjadi permasalahan bagi beberapa Negara dapat tertangani dengan baik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa etanol tidak dapat dihasilkan tanpa enzim selulase. Pada kertas HVS kosong kandungan selulosanya adalah sekitar 60,5 %, pada HVS bertinta kandungan selulosanya adalah sekitar 58,3 %, dan pada kertas koran kandungan selulosanya sekitar 49,1%. Pada kertas HVS bertinta, HVS kosong dan kertas koran diperoleh konsentrasi etanol tertinggi berturut-turut 1238,9 ppm, 669 ppm, 1428 ppm.

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The use of fossil fuel by humans threatens serious problems for the future such as the availability of fossil fuel for further decades and pollution to the environment by emissions from the burning of fossil fuel. Awareness of these problems has increased the intensity of research to produce an alternative energy resource that is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. One example of a sustainable alternative energy resource that is relatively cheap and environmentally friendly is the development of bio-ethanol from waste paper that contains large amounts of lignocelluloses. The point of this research deals with the production of ethanol from paper using the simultaneous process of saccharification and fermentation (SSF.) The Cellulose enzyme and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to hydrolyse and ferment during the SSF process. The pH level used was pH 5 because previous research on ethanol conversion had shown that pH 5 is the optimum level. The SSF process was done with an incubation period of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The activity used was 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5gr. Before the hydrolyse and fermenting processes are done we need another process (''') For this research the type of waste paper tested was HVS paper with ink, blank HVS paper and newspaper. Research about converting waste paper to ethanol using the cellulose enzyme will hopefully be used to help future research and commercial development to support energy conservation and the use of the alternative bio-ethanol as a substitute for a limited supply of oil. Also we hope that garbage specifically waste paper which has become a problem for so many countries can be handled in a positive way. The results of this research show that blank HVS paper's cellulose content is around 60.5%, HVS paper with ink has a cellulose content of 58.3% and with newspapers the content is around 49.1%. In regards to blank HVS paper, HVS paper with ink, and newspaper, the highest ethanol concentration in succession is 1238.9ppm, 669 ppm, and 1428 ppm."

"Studi seroepidemiologi memperlihatkan adanya antibodi yang bereaksi terhadap HTLV-1 di pelbagai spesies "Old World Monkey" dan Apes di Afrika dan Asia, tidak pada "New world monkeys" atau prosimian . Virus tersebut kemudian telah diisolasi dan disebut Simian T lymphoiropic virus type I (STLV I). Pemeriksaan skrening serologi khusus STLV I sampai saat ini belum ada. Pada penelitian ini tes DEIA (Dot Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay) yang merupakan modifikasi tes ELISA dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi anti STLV I. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui apakah DEIA, dengan menggunakan antigen yang berasal dari kultur sel lestari limfosit monyet seropositif dapat dipergunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya antibodi anti STLV-I"

"Kadar elastase-1 dalam feses menggambarkan fungsi eksokrin pankreas. Beberapa laporan telah diajukan oleh peneliti-peneliti Eropa, tetapi sejauh ini belum ada laporan dari Indonesia terutama mengenai bayi. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui kadar elastase-1 feses bayi yang berumur 1-120 hari, sebagai laporan pendahuluan penelitian tentang ontogeni elastase-1 pankreas pada bayi cukup bulan dan kurang bulan. Metoda yang dipakai ialah kadar elastase-1 dalam feses diperiksa pada 28 bayi kurang bulan dan 34 bayi cukup bulan yang sehat, berumur 1-120 hari. Hasilnya ialah kadar elastase-1 feses bayi kurang dari 14 hari berkisar di bawah 200 µg/g feses. Pada hari pertama 80% bayi kurang bulan dan 60% bayi cukup bulan mempunyai kadar < 200 µg/g feses, pada umur 7 hari 50% bayi kurang bulan dan 33% bayi cukup bulan mempunyai kadar elastase-1 < 200 µg/g feses. Setelah umur 14 hari, kadar elastase-1 feses ialah > 200 µg/g feses, tidak tergantung masa gestasi. Laporan pendahuluan ini mendukung penelitian-penelitian terdahulu yaitu kadar elastase-1 feses mencapai kadar normal setelah umur 14 hari. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengetahui kadar elastase-1 feses pada bayi umur kurang dari 14 hari. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 69-72)

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Fecal elastase-1 concentration reflects exocrine pancreatic function. There have been some reports from Europe, but so far there has not been a report of fecal elastase-1 concentration in Indonesia, especially concerning infants. The aim of this study is to know the concentration of elastase-1 in feces of infants aged 1-120 days as a preliminary report of the study of the ontogeny of pancreatic elastase-1 in term and preterm infants. Fecal elastase-1 were measured from feces of 28 healthy preterm and 34 healthy term infants up to 120 days (4 month) of age. Elastase-1 concentration in infants less than 14 days of age fluctuated below 200 µg/gram feces. At the first day of life 80% preterm and 60% term infants had elastase-1 concentration less than 200 µg/gram feces, and by the age of 7 days 50% preterm and 33% term infants had elastase-1 concentration less than 200 µg/gram feces. After 14 days of age its concentration was more than 200 µg/gram feces, regardless of gestational age. This preliminary study corroborates supported the previous studies that the level of fecal elastase-1 reached normal level after 14 days. Future longitudinal study is needed to know elastase-1 concentration in infants less than 14 days. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 69-72)"

"Clostridium difficile is the most important cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis, a severe infection of the colon. Strain Clostridium difficile produce two potent toxin, toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin). These two toxins are both responsible for the diarrhea and inflammation seen in patients treated due to infection, especially the broad spectrum antibiotics. Direct detection of Clostridium difficult cytotoxin front faecal specimen using mammalion tissue culture lines is considered the standard diagnostics test of Clostridium difficult infection. This test is very sensitive but requires a minimum two days to complete. In order to improve the threshold of diagnosis and treatment, a number of enzyme immunoassay methods have been used, with a reported sensitivity to either toxin A or toxin B."

"Open mining activities result in decreased microbial biomass and negatively impacts soil fertility. Soil microbes play a role in the decomposition of soil organic matter and in nutrient cycles through the process of mineralization by the enzymes they produce. The purpose of this study was to analyse soil fertility levels in PT Bukit Asam’s various reclaimed land sites at Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia, as determined by these areas’ microbial populations and soil enzyme activity. The research was conducted by using the explorative method in PT Bukit Asam’s various reclaimed land. Soil sample from 7 different reclamation age area were analysed. Our results showed that soil conditions and soil enzyme activity vary by reclamation age. At KTU, a 12-year-old reclaimed land site, urease enzyme activity had a value of 68.83 mg NH4+.g-1dm.h-1 with a microbial population of 82.64 x 104 CFU.g-1soil. The highest phosphatase enzyme activity value of 95.66 mg pNP.g-1 dm.h-1 was found on the 9-year-old SP702 reclaimed land site, with a soil pH of 5.23. Cellulase enzyme activity on the 21-year-old Udongan reclaimed site had a value of 21.51 mg GE.g-1dm.h-1 with a cellulolytic microbial population of 1.9 x 104 CFU.g-1soil, higher than on other reclamation sites. Invertase enzyme activity on the 15-year-old Tupak reclaimed land site had a value of 24.37 mg GE.g-1dm.h-1. Soil enzyme activity can be an indicator of soil quality and soil microbial activity as it relates to all forms of biochemical transformations occurring in the soil and is highly sensitive to environmental changes."

"Lecithin is needed as a bioemulsifier product in stabilizing agents for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to its renewability and as it is environmentally friendly. In the food industry, most of the emulsifiers used are the oil-in-water (O/W) type. Lecithin can be seen as a promising emulsifier product because it is extracted from egg yolk and modified by enzymatic hydrolysis reaction using the papain enzyme. This modification will change the molecular structure of the compound, which makes lecithin more stable in the oil-in-water type of emulsion. This study aims to determine the optimum amount of papain enzyme used in the hydrolysis reaction to achieve the most stable O/W lecithin emulsion type. The results show that the breaking of a single fatty acid chain from the structure of lecithin can be demonstrated by FTIR instrumentation. The fatty acids detected from the lecithin structure are shown at wavenumber 1699.45 cm-1 (C=O), 1231.44 cm-1 (C-O), 1422.45 cm-1 (C-O-H), 1092.85 cm-1 (C-C), 665.89 cm-1 (CH2), and 3400.57 (-OH in carboxylate). Determination of the modified lecithin yield was made by several tests, namely a stability test, and tests for acid value, surface tension and zeta potential. From the results of tests, the emulsion stability for the O/W type was achieved in modified-lecithin using a 4% papain enzyme dosage, with a stability duration of up to 31 hours. The lowest acid number was achieved in modified-lecithin using a 2% papain enzyme dosage with value of 10.40. The lowest surface tension was obtained in modified-lecithin using a 2% papain enzyme dosage with a surface tension value of 48.68 dyne/cm. The zeta potential of the modified-lecithin using a 2% papain enzyme had a value of -94.8 mV. These results show that the enzymatic hydrolysis of lecithin using a papain enzyme is clearly able to enhance the emulsifier properties of the lecithin produced."

"Peningkatan kebutuhan pangan yang diproduksi secara berkelanjutan terhambat oleh keterbatasan lahan subur. Perluasan lahan pertanian dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan lahan marginal yang dicirikan dengan pH masam, defisiensi unsur P, Ca, dan Mo, serta toksisitas Al dan Mn. Amelioran tanah masam yang biasa digunakan oleh petani adalah dolomit. Eco-enzyme merupakan cairan hasil fermentasi sisa buah dan sayur yang berfungsi sebagai pupuk organik dan berpotensi dapat meningkatkan pH tanah. Terung ungu (Solanum melongena L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman hortikultura penting di Indonesia yang tumbuh pada tanah sedikit masam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah eco-enzyme dapat berfungsi sebagai amelioran tanah masam serta konsentrasi optimal untuk meningkatkan pH tanah, mengetahui dampak eco-enzyme pada pertumbuhan tanaman S. melongena, dan membandingkan kemampuan eco-enzyme dan dolomit sebagai amelioran. Penelitian meliputi tahap pembuatan eco-enzyme buah, sayur dan campuran dan pengencerannya menghasilkan tiga konsentrasi yang berbeda, penanaman dan pengamatan pertumbuhan terung, serta analisis tanah. Parameter pertumbuhan yang diukur meliputi parameter vegetatif dan generatif, serta parameter lingkungan. Eco-enzyme dapat berfungsi sebagai amelioran tanah masam, terlihat dari semua perlakuan eco-enzyme telah berhasil menaikkan pH tanah secara nyata (P < 0,05). Aplikasi eco-enzyme memberikan dampak positif terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman S. melongena, terlihat dari tinggi tanaman, berat, jumlah bunga, serta umur berbunga yang berbeda secara nyata (P < 0,05) terhadap kontrol. Eco-enzyme memiliki kemampuan sebagai amelioran sama baiknya dengan dolomit karena dapat mempertahankan pH tanah pada nilai yang sama, dan bahkan lebih baik dari dolomit karena menaikkan pH tanah menjadi lebih tinggi.

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The increasing demand for sustainable food production is impacted by the limited availability of fertile ground. Agricultural land expansion into utilizing marginal land with acidic soil, P, Ca, and Mo deficiency, as well as Al and Mn toxicity is a possible alternative. Dolomitic lime is a common soil ameliorant. Eco-enzyme is the liquid product from the fermentation of fruit and vegetable waste that serves as an organic fertilizer and potentially could raise soil pH. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), one of the most important crops in Indonesia, can grow on slightly acidic soil. The aim of this research is to determine whether eco-enzyme could ameliorate acidic soil and its optimum concentration in doing so, to determine the effect of eco-enzyme on the growth of S. melongena, and to compare the ability of eco-enzyme and lime in raising soil pH. This research began with fruit, vegetable and mixed eco-enzyme production and its subsequent dilution into three concentrations, followed by eggplant planting and observation, and lastly soil analysis. Vegetative and generative growth traits as well as environmental parameters are measured. Eco-enzyme raised soil pH significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the control. Eco-enzyme application had a positive effect on eggplant growth as observed in the significant (P < 0.05) increase of plant height, weight, number of flowers, and earlier age of flowering. Eco-enzyme had a similar effect as lime on soil pH as their pH were not significantly different and some eco-enzyme treatments resulted in higher pH than soil treated with lime."

"Rotavirus grup A merupakan salah satu agen penting yang paling banyak menyebabkan penyakit diare pada anak-anak dengan tingkat keparahan yang cukup tinggi. Studi menunjukkan rotavirus bertanggung jawab atas kematian kurang lebih 800.000 anak pertahunnya di dunia. Tingginya tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang ditunjukkan oleh infeksi virus ini mendorong dilakukannya penelitian terhadap galur rotavirus untuk pengembangan pembuatan vaksin yang efektif sebagai salah satu upaya mencegah terjadinya wabah yang lebih besar. Pada penelitian ini 413 sampel feses dikumpulkan selama rentang waktu bulan September 2005 sampai September 2006 dan diperoleh dari pasien anak-anak dengan gejala diare di wilayah Denpasar-Bali. Sampel diuji dengan metode Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) dan sebanyak 209 sampel memberikan hasil positif (50,60%). Analisis kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menggunakan gen penyandi VP7 untuk serotipe G dan gen VP4 untuk serotipe P. Hasil uji dengan metode tersebut menunjukkan prevalensi dari mix serotipe G4G9 dengan P[8] adalah yang paling banyak ditemui di Denpasar (47,36%).

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Human group A rotavirus is the most pathogenic agent which can cause diarrhea in children with a highly severity. Studies showed that rotavirus are responsible for more than 800.000 infants and children deaths annually in the worldwide. The high extremely morbidity and mortality associated with rotavirus emphasizes the need to develope an effective vaccine to reduce the disease incidence. In this study 413 stool samples are collected from September 2005 through September 2006 from children with diarrhea in Denpasar-Bali. Group A rotavirus was showed in 50,60% of the samples tested by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). The human rotavirus serotype were determined by using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method using VP7 gene for G serotype and VP4 gene for P serotype. The final result are 47,36% were positive tested by PCR and demonstrated the prevalence of G4G9 with P[8] types was the most commonly rotavirus strain found in Denpasar."