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Latar belakang: Kista dan tumor odontogenik adalah lesi yang terjadi pada rahang dan berasal dari sisa epitel pembentuk gigi. EGFR adalah salah satu reseptor growth factor yang penting sebagai regulator proliferasi dan diferensiasi sel, diantaranya perkembangan dan morfogenesis gigi. EGFR juga dikenal  sebagai proto onkogen yang menginisiasi signalling pathway pada terjadinya beberapa tumor ganas. Penelitian melaporkan adanya peningkatan ekspresi EGFR pada beberapa kista dan tumor odontogenik sebagaimana yang terjadi pada tumor ganas. Tujuan: Untuk melihat dan membuat suatu profil ekspresi EGFR pada kista dan tumor odontogenik. Metode penelitian: 73 blok parafin kista dan tumor odontogenik didapatkan secara consecutive sampling dari data spesimen pada Departemen Patologi Anatomi FKUI/RSUPN-CM selama periode November 2015 – November 2019. Seluruh sampel diperiksa secara imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi EGFR.  Hasil: Didapatkan 7 jenis lesi odontogenik: kista radikular (4), kista dentigerous (5), OKC (5), ameloblastoma (54), AOT (1), CEOT (2), ameloblastic carcinoma (2). Seluruh sampel memberikan ekspresi EGFR yang positif, dengan lokasi ekspresi pada sitoplasma. Skor EGFR bervariasi antara 1-2 dengan rerata 1,34. Intensitas beragam terdiri dari 41 % sampel lemah, 48% sampel sedang dan 11% sampel kuat.  Kesimpulan: EGFR berperan dalam terjadinya kista dan tumor odontogenik. Lokasi pulasan yang dominan terjadi pada sitoplasma sesuai dengan karakteristik kista dan tumor odontogenik yang tumbuh dan berkembang lambat.

 

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Background: Odontogenic cysts and tumors are lesions that occur in the jaw and derived from the remnants of tooth-forming epithelium. EGFR is one of  the growth factor receptors that is important as a regulator of cells proliferation and differentiation, including the development and morphogenesis of the tooth.  EGFR is also known as a protooncogen which initiates signalling pathway in the occurrence of several malignant tumors. Recent studies have reports an increase EGFR expression on odontogenic cysts and tumors as occurs in malignant tumors. Objective: This study aims to observe and make an expression profile of odontogenic cysts and tumors. Method: 73 paraffin blocks were collected through consecutive sampling from speciment data in Pathological Anatomy Department FKUI/RSUPN-CM during 2015 – 2019 period. The EGFR expression were detected using immunohistochemistry. Results: There were 7 types of odontogenic lesion: radicular cyst (4), dentigerous cyst (5), OKC (5), ameloblastoma (54), AOT (1), CEOT (2), ameloblastic carcinoma (2). All samples showed positive expression of EGFR and staining location on cytoplasm. EGFR score was vary between 1 – 2 with a mean of 1,34. Intensity of staining were consisted of 41% samples have weak staining, 48% samples have moderate staining and 11% sampels have strong staining Conclusion: EGFR have a role in the occurance of odontogenic cysts and tumors. All the staining location occurs in the cytoplasm was appropriate to the characteristics of these lessions that grows and develops slowly.

 

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"This book examines and evaluates the performance of four standard chisel plough tines: heavy duty, double heart, double heart with wings and duck foot, which were connected with a rigid shank. Experiments were conducted in a soil bin filled with sandy loamy soil, and the experimental factors included varying operation conditions (speed and depth) and their dependency upon a draft force and their components (horizontal and vertical force), specific force (force per unit area), specific power (power per unit area), soil loosening percentage (above and below the original soil surface) and soil profile parameters (e.g. furrow height, furrow width, ridge height, area of ridge and furrow etc.). The evaluation involved developing regression equations based on Glancey and Upadhyaya’s model by adding new terms related to the tine geometric parameters or by adding a dummy term variable. These two techniques made up the general study parameters and had the same trend effect on operation conditions to compare between tines. Lab results such as force components and the width of furrow were verified in a field test. Furthermore, a model to predict the draft force by using principles of soil mechanics and soil profile evaluation was designed."

"Dimasa mendatang masalah penyakit tidak menular akan menjadi prioritas masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Salah satu masalah tersebut adalah masalah hipertensi Hipertensi sebagai salah satu dari penyakit tidak menular, perlu di tangani secara "nation wide" mengingat prevalensinya cukup tinggi dan umumnya sebagaian besar masyarakat tidak mengetahui dirinya menderita tekanan darah tinggi. Dan berbagai laporan penelitian didapatkan kenyataan bahwa dari seluruh penderita, 50% tidak mengetahui dirinya menderita hipertensi (Sukahatya, 1986).Boedi Darmojo (1988), mengemukakan bahwa prevalensi penyakit hipertensi berkisar antara 5%--15%. Prevalensi hiperensi pada penduduk 20 tahun keatas diberbagai daerah di Indonesia antara tahun 1975-1985 berkisar 5-19%. Prevalensi terendah ditemukan pada penduduk pegunungan Jaya Wijaya, (0,65%), sedangkan tertinggi ditemukan di Silungkang, Sumatera Barat sebesar 19,4% (Soenarto, dkk., 1991).Berdasarkan penyababnya, hipertensi dibagi menjadi dua golongan, yaitu :Hipertensi esensial atau hipertensi primer yaitu hipertensi yang belum diketahui penyebabnya dengan pasti atau idiopatik.Hipertensi sekunder yaitu hipertensi yang berhubungan atau disebabkan oleh penyakit lain.Menurut Darmojo, proporsi penderita hipertensi primer (esensial) sebesar 95% dari seluruh penderita hipertensi, sehingga hipertensi primerlah yang merupakan problem masyarakat yang lebih panting untuk diperhatikan.Karena pengobatannya memerlukan waktu yang lama bahkan sampai seumur hidup dan dapat menimbulkan komplikasi-komplikasi yang dapat berakibat fatal, maka hendaknya faktor-faktor resiko (adalah faktor yang berhubungan dengan resiko terjadinya suatu penyakit namun belum tentu merupakan penyebab langsung terjadinya penyakit) hipertensi harus di identitkasi untuk kemudian dikendalikan.Dalam upaya penanganan hipertensi, khususnya upaya-upaya pencegahan dan promotif perlu diperhatikan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan atau mempengaruhi hipertensi.Menurut Achmadi (1991), kondisi kesehatan masyarakat tergantung pada kondisi lingkungannya dan perilaku penduduk. Faktor-faktor lingkungan dan perilaku yang diduga berperan dalam hipertensi esensial antara lain : karakteristik individu yang terdiri dari umur, jenis kelamin, genetik (Susalit, 1991), kebiasaan merokok (Anderson, 1981), kebiasaan minum alkohol (Medika, 1992)Berbagai penelitian hipertensi umumnya dilakukan secara sporadik, fragmated dan kecil-kecil. Untuk mendapatkan data secara "nation wide" agaknya memerlukan sumberdaya mahal.Salah satu sumberdaya, yang didalamnya memiliki variabel hipertensi adalah SKRT atau Survey Kesehatan rumah Tangga yang dilakukan secara berkelanjutan oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Departemen Kesehatan R.I. SKRT telah dilakukan sejak 1982 dan terahir adalah tahun 1995.Data SKRT 1995, menunjukkan bahwa penyakit Sistem Sirkulasi termasuk hipertensi merupakan penyebab utama kematian (18,9%). Namun dari data SKRT 1995 belum ada analisis profil hipertensi nasional. Oleh sebab itu, perlu di susun pertanyaan : bagaimana gambaran hubungan faktor-faktor yang diduga berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi pada kelompok umur 25 tahun keatas di Indonesia?"

"Pada dekade terakhir ini para dokter dan penanggung jawab bidang kesehatan mulai menyadari bahwa kegemukan dan berat badan berlebih mempunyai dampak kesehatan yang merugikan seperti timbulnya penyakit diabetes, penyakit jantung pembuluh darah dan penyakit penyerta lain yang lebih dikenal sebagai komorbiditas. Pengukuran tingkat kegemukan yang sudah diterima secara luas adalah yang menggunakan indeks masa tubuh (IMT) dan ukuran lingkar pinggang (LP). Atas dasar itu perlu kiranya Indonesia mempunyai nilai IMT dan LP sendiri, untuk faktor risiko komorbiditas. Penelitian cross sectional ini mencakup 6318 subyek yang terdiri dari 5216 laki-laki (82,6%) dan 1102 wanita (17,6%). Faktor risiko utama komorbiditas, baik pada laki-laki dan wanita adalah peninggian kolesterol dan trigliserida. Resiko timbulnya komorbiditas mulai meningkat pada IMT 24,38 kg/m2 dan lingkar pinggang (LP) 86,25 cm untuk kadar gula darah puasa dan IMT 24,91 kg/m2 dan LP 89,25 cm untuk kadar triglycerida. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 241-5)

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Over the last few years health care providers have become more aware of the consecquences of obesity as well as the comorbidities of obesity. The body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) became universally accepted measures to determine the degree of overweight. it is necessary to have cut off points for BMI and WC for the risk factors of the comorbidities of obesity in Indonesia. This study has a cross sectional design with a total of 6318 subjects, that comprised of 5216 males (82.6%) and 1102 females (17.6%). The highest percentage of comorbidities both in males and females were high cholesterol and triglyceride level. The risks of comorbidities were increased at BMI 24.38 kg/m2 and WC 86.25 cm for fasting blood glucose and BMI 24.91 kg/m2 and WC 89.25 cm for triglyceride level. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 241-5)"

"Akurasi pemeriksaan profil lekosit dipengaruhi beberapa faktor preanalitik diantaranya konsentrasi antiokoagulan. Antikoagulan yang paling sering dipakai pada pemeriksaan darah rutin adalah EDTA. Ketidaksesuaian perbandingan konsentrasi EDTA dengan bahan darah berefek terhadap hasil pemeriksaan darah tepi diantaranya parameter lekosit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan antara hasil pemeriksaan profil lekosit pada bahan darah dengan berbagai konsentrasi antikoagulan Na2EDTA yang berbeda. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang. Bahan penelitian berupa 33 sampel darah vena mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran UGM Yogyakarta. Dua mL darah dibagi ke dalam 4 tabung Na2EDTA. Tabung pertama berisi Na2EDTA konsentrasi standar, 2 mg/dl, tabung yang lain secara berurutan berisi Na2EDTA dengan konsentrasi 4 mg/dl, 6 mg/dl, and 8 mg/dl. Sebelumnya dibuat sediaan hapus langsung dari setetes darah tanpa antikoagulan (sebagai kontrol). Darah dalam keempat tabung tersebut segera dilakukan pembuatan sediaan hapus dan diperiksa profil hematologi lekositnya menggunakan SYSMEX SE-9500 automatic analyzer. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dari hitung lekosit, hitung jenis lekosit absolut dan prosentase monosit pada konsentrasi Na2EDTA yang berlebihan. Prosentase netrofil relatif meningkat dan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna. Prosentase limfosit, eosinofil dan basofil tidak berbeda secara bermakna. Pemeriksaan morfologi lekosit menunjukkan perubahan yang bermakna berupa tepi sitoplasma yang irreguler, vakuolisasi, dan lobus nukleus yang irreguler akibat pengaruh konsentrasi Na2EDTA yang belebihan. Disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan konsentrasi Na2EDTA yang berlebihan pada preparasi spesimen darah menyebabkan perubahan profil lekosit sesuai peningkatan konsentrasinya. Konsentrasi standar tidak mempengaruhi hitung lekosit dan hitung jenis lekosit serta morfologinya, kecuali berpengaruh terhadap tepi sitoplasma yang irreguler dan lobus nukleus yang irreguler. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:168-75)

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Accuracy of leukocytes profile assessment is influenced by several pre analytical factors, among others, the anticoagulant concentration. EDTA is one of the most frequently used anticoagulant in peripheral blood examination. Several references stated that inappropriate concentration of EDTA anticoagulant in blood sample may affect the result of leukocytes profile in peripheral blood examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there are differences among leukocytes profile in peripheral blood examination specimens, which were prepared with excessive Na2EDTA anticoagulant in different concentration. This study was conducted in Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University. Blood samples from 30 subjects were taken using vein puncture. Two millimeters blood was divided into 4 Na2EDTA-containing tubes. Before that, one drop of blood without Na2EDTA anticoagulant was used to make blood film right after vein puncture, as control. Each tubes contained different concentration of anticoagulant. The first tube contained Na2EDTA in standard concentration 2 mg/ml; the remaining tubes contained 4 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, and 8 mg/ml respectively. These samples were immediately examined using SYSMEX SE-9500 automatic cell counter to measure the total and differential leukocytes count; and were stained with Wright staining for morphological examination under the microscope. These procedures were done before 20 minutes of vein puncture. There were significant decrement of total leukocytes count, absolute differential leukocytes count and monocyte percentage following excessive Na2EDTA administration. Neutrophil percentage was found to be relatively increased and the difference was significant. Lymphocyte, eosinophil and basophil percentages were not significantly different. Morphological examination showed significant increment in irregular cytoplasm margin, vacoulation and irregular nuclei lobes following excessive Na2EDTA administration. It is concluded that excessive concentration of Na2EDTA used in blood specimen preparation, will lead to changes in leukocytes profile as the concentration increased. Standard Na2EDTA anticoagulant concentration did not alter any leukocytes count and morphology, except for irregular cytoplasm margin and irregular nuclei lobes. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:168-75)"

"Global economic crisis has substantial impacts on organizations and families; consequently, many people become confused and many organizations collapse. Organizations and families discuss the issue and brainstorm to find some solutions to survive from this crisis. This paper explains the role of family and organization in finding solution to survive from this unfavorable situation. Organizations should be optimistic, analytic, and creative. They are encouraged to increase incomes but to decrease loans. Families can overcome the problem by having good financial planning, investing with good knowledge of self-risk profit and the characteristic of investment product."

"ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: hypertension remains a global burden. Complications of unrecognized hypertension might increase mortality as shown by a WHO 2013 report that hypertension caused 9.4 million deaths worldwide. There is no prior data in Indonesia on blood pressure status in young adults with similar education levels. Medical students are at high risk of developing early hypertension due to modern lifestyle habits. This study aimed to determine the blood pressure profile of medical students as representative of the young adult population. METHODS: we measured the prevalence of hypertension in medical students. All medical students who agreed to participate completed a questionnaire. Afterwards, we conducted a physical examination and obtained blood and urine samples to screen for blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the lipid profile. RESULTS: the prevalence of students with prehypertension or hypertension was 29.6%. The mean eGFR was 105.45 ml/min/m2. The mean total cholesterol was within normal limits. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of hypertension in medical students was high. This study shows that early detection of hypertension is key to treating it early and therefore to reducing morbidity and mortality."

"Gumboro Disease or Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) is a chicken disease targeting the Bursa of Fabricius, an important organ in the young chicken's developing immune system. Very virulent strains of IBDV caused in mortality of up to 40%. At the other hand, local farmers used Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) to improve general performance and meat/carcass quality of broiler chicken. According to the Gumboro Disease, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the Red Ginger supplementation in the ration on blood and Bursa of Fabricius profile of broiler chicken. Two hundred five days old broiler chick were randomly divided into five different groups, i.e.: R-0 (ration without red ginger supplementation); R-0,5 (ration with supplementation of 0.5% RG); R-1,0 (ration with supplementation of 1.0% RG); R-1,5 (ration with supplementation of 1.5% RG); and R-2,0 (ration with supplementation of 2.0% RG). The ration was iso-caloric and iso-pro-tein, containing CP 21-23%, ME 3150 kcal ME/kg, Ca 1 %, and P 0.5%. There was five replications for each treatment (eight heads per group). After five weeks old, the blood were collected and the broiler were slaughtered to collect the Bursa of Fabricius for histopathologic preparate analyses. A One Way Classification of Variance Analyses (CRD) was used to analyze the data. Only the significant differences between all treatments were analyzed by the Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the red ginger supplementation of 1.5-2.0% increased the amount of erytrocyte (P<. 05) but decrease amount of leukocyte (P<.01). Furthermore, red ginger supplementation injured the Bursa of Fabricus. "

"As part of an attempt to improve computer-based test scoring on traditional grid answer sheets, which are used by 76.36% of interrogated schools in Thailand, this paper proposes an algorithm to segment the problematic handwritten-style student identification number. The method used is based on profile features supported by digit width-height ratio analysis. Non-touching digits are segmented by vertical histograms and the flood fill algorithm. Touching digits are segmented by considering the distances between upper and lower profiles as well as the derivatives of consecutive points of their profiles. Among 231 six-digit image sequences, the average segmentation accuracy rate was 98.20%, which is considered satisfactory. The results showed that an increased number of consecutive cursive digits decreased the segmentation accuracy, and was significant from 5 connecting digits."