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"Cardiovascular disease has not only affected the quality of human resources, but also a primary cause of deathin Indonesia today. The high incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among diverse ethnicity in Indonesia have incurred a speculation that is closely related to the food consumption as well as nutrient intake patterns among ethnic group in Indonesia, such as Minangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Buginese.The general objective of this study is to study the importance of the ethnic factors for known risk factor of CVD. This study consists of three cross sectional studies. Each cross sectional study had its own objective and own sample size. The objectives of the first cross sectional study was to describe nutrient intake patterns and body mass index among the four ethnic group. The objective of the second cross sectional study was to describe lipid profiles among the four ethnic groups. While the objective of the third cross sectionl study were to assess the interplay between ethnics, nutrient intake patterns, body mass index and physical activity index as predictors determinant of lipid profiles in the study population and also to assess the association between nutrient intake patterns and lipid profiles among MInangkabau, Sundanese, Javanese and Bugines ethnic."

" In the Philippines and in many other countries, not so many studies have been conducted with prisoners specifically on their protein and nutritional status. Thus, this study was conducted among adult male inmates in San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm, Zamboanga City, Philippines in January 2001 with the objective to determine the association between protein and energy intakes and nutritional status, among adult male inmates. The study was cross sectional and included 105 randomly selected adult male inmates. Data were collected using interview, anthropometries and biochemical assessments procedures. Results of the study evidently showed: the present protein and energy intakes and nutritional status of the inmates were good and it was reflected in the biochemical assessment. The diet of the inmates was sufficient with regard to total protein, calcium, iron vitamin A and riboflavin and very deficient in total energy, ascorbic acid, niacin and thiamin. With the exception of bananas no fruit has been served during the survey. Animal protein constitutes very low and most of their dietary protein source was derived from plant specifically green mug bean which was easily recognized by the inmates during the survey. In spite of good protein index based on biochemical assessment, the data findings also suggested that protein intake could still be improved by increasing the protein quality. Health and nutrition education should be focused and given attention as well. In conclusion, protein and nutritional status among adult male inmates in San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm were adequate based on anthropometric and biochemical assessment. "

"The study was carried out among 40 low-income households in East Jakarta. It generally aimed at examining the contribution of intra-household food distribution practices to the differences in nutritional status of individual members within and between urban poor households with underfive year old children. Two groups represented the study households. One group with malnourished (<-2 Z-scores for weight for age indicator) 18-60 months old children and the other group with well-nourished (>:-2 Z-scores) of the same age. A three day household and individual food intake were collected through the use of a combined food weighing and 24-hour food recall method. Results revealed that.malnourished underfive year old children were given less adequate diets in terms of nutrient requirement while parents? diet were sufficiently adequate. In contrast, the well-nourished children were adequately fed while their parents got less. The children's intake were found to have a marginal relationship with their nutritional status while significant associations were seen with parent's energy intake and household's total income. On the whole, findings indicated inequality in the food distribution patterns among urban poor households and these patterns somehow influences the nutritional status of household members particularly the pre-school age children"

"ABSTRACTSince July 1997. there was a monetary crisis in Indonesia. This condition influences health and nutritional status of the communitv. There was a decrease of purchasing power. due to lack job opportunities. This condition lead to decreasing in quality and quantity of food intake of children under-five in the community.Four cross-sectional surveys were carried out in East Jakarta in September 1993, April 1998, December 1998, and March 1999. There were totally 1859 under five children and 1622 household assessed within the four surveys. Multi stage random sampling was used in the first survey (September 1993) by Susilowati Regardless there were under fives or not the study covered all subdristricts select households having children under the age 60 months from 16 village units of 10 sub-districts. And the next three surveys used the same study area as the first study data on socio-economic, food consumption. environmental situation and nutrition status were collected using pre-coded questionaire and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of fathers without occupation increased in 1999 (7 .3 ~o) as compare to 1993 (2%). The anthropometric status of under-five children in September 1993. April 1998, December 1998 and March 1999 show the prevalence of stunting are as following 22.7%, 16.1%, 25 .4% and 22% (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). While the prevalence of wasting are as following 15%, 17.90/o, 11 .5% and 14.1 % (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). There were no significant difference in nutritional status between boys and girls within the four surveys. During the monetary crisis there were significant difference in prevalence of underweight (April'98 survey) in children from lower strata/percentile of per capitafood expenditure and upper level of strata percentile of per capita food expenditure (p < 0.05, Chi Square). Anthropometric indicators were calculated using growth reference data of the National Center for health Statistics ( 1977 )The prevalence of stunting and wasting were also significantly higher inthcgroup receiving food aid compared to those without food aid. There is no significant difference in prevalence of malnourished mother by using cut-off point BMJ< 18.5. The prevalence of malnourished mother found in September 1993 was 14.7%. in April 1998 was 13.1%': in December 1998 was 16.2%, and in March 1999 was 13%. The same situation also describe ·n BM1>25 which has no changes from 1993 to 1999. The prevalence of overweight (BMI > 25) mother found in September 1993 was 24.2%, April 1998 was 21.3%, December 1998 19.1%, and March 1999 24.6%. It seems that the crisis has no impact on nutritional status of non pregnant mother.The crisis was associated with a clear negative shift in household foodconsumption. The intake of animal prolein sources significantly decreased (p value<0.05.chi-square). as a coping mechanism the plant protein as well as green leafy begetables consumption increased makedly)Based on strata/percentile of per capita food expenditure there were nodifference within the strata in all surveys in eggs consumption in the family but there were diference for poultry, meat, fish and milk (p< 0 05. Chi Square)There was assoaciation between children nutritional starus and frequency of food intake of animal protein, milk, fruit and cooking oil (p value < 0.05 anova). There were also assoctation between nutritional status of under live children with food expenditure number of household member, mother nutrional status (BMI and MUAC). Duration of breast-feeding snack consumption, total expenditure and food and program"

"Probiotics, product containing viable, defined and sufficient microorganisms that beneficially alfects the host, has shown cholesterol-lowering effect in in vitro, animal and human studies. However, studies in human showed inconclusive findings.

A randomized double-blind two-way cross-over study was conducted to investigate whether daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus improves lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic Indonesian adult males. Each period of treatment was 4 wk, separated by a 2 wk washout period. During both treatment periods, subjects consumed daily either yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI I6 (test yoghurt) or traditional yoghurt (control yoghurt).

By the end of the first period, serum total cholesterol concentration of subjects in test group was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to those in control group (21 0.4 kurang lebih 8.3 vs 226.8 kurang lebih 4.5 mg/dL); and the concentration in both groups was significantly lower compared to baseline. The reduction, however, was not significantly different between groups (-6.0 kurang lebih 2.0 vs -5.9 kurang lebih 2.1 %). There were no significant differences between groups on other lipid profile variables i.e serum LDL-C, HDL-C, tryglicerides, and LDL/HDL ratio, after supplementation. No significant differences on all lipid profile variables between groups were observed after supplementation at the second treatment period and when the treatment period was combined. However, there was a tendency that test group had better lipid profile, except for triglycerides, than control group (p<0.05 for LDL/HDL ratio; p=0.053 for LDL-C).

This cross-over study showed that daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI 16 showed hypocholesterolemic effect only at the first period, but not at the second and the combined periods."

"A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the problem of nutritional status and intestinal helminthiasis among underfive children in three selected refugee centers in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara and to identify possible relationship between intestinal helminthiasis and nutritional status. A number of 188 children 12-59 months of age were involved in this study. All three refugee centers showed that Ascaris lumbricoides was most common (29.0% in Naibonat, 28.8% in Noelbaki and 23.4% in Tuapukan), followed by hookworm (25.8% in Naibonat, 10.0% in Noelbaki and 3.9% in Tuapukan) and the least common was Trichuris trichiura (6.3% in Noelbaki, 3.2% in Noelbaki and 0% in Tuapukan). Based on the WHO?s criteria the intensity of intestinalhelminthiasis in all three refugee centers were low. Nutritional status was characterized by high of prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in all three refugee centers. The prevalence of underweight was 28.6% in Tuapukan, 25.8% in Naibonat, and 18.8% in Noelbaki. The prevalence of stunting was 29.0% in Naibonat, 20% in Noelbaki and23.4% in Tuapukan. While the prevalence of wasting was 8.8% in Noelbaki, 6.5% in Naibonat and 3.9% in Tuapukan. For anemia, 75% of children in Noelbaki, 71.4% in Tuapukan and 45.2% in Naibonat had haemoglobin level less than 11 g/dl. There was no significant association between the prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and nutritional status of children also between the intensity of Ascaris Iumbricoides and nutritional status."

"ABSTRACTEconomic growth and urbanization have changed global dietary habits and caused nutrition transitionglobally. Urban people, especially in developing countries, eat away from home, consuming more polishedgrains, fats and animal product, refined sugar and processed foods compared to rural people (Helman,2000). The change in consumption pattern which leads to nutritional change, in the long run, may beharmful for health of the people, including adolescents. Some studies indicate the change in consumptionpattern among the adolescents worldwide. The change in eating habits among young people due to somechronic diseases, are allegedly caused by adolescence’s unhealthy diet. A survey of middle and high schoolstudents in Minnesota shows that the youth consume more calories from fast food meals; they havedifficulty getting healthy food as there is higher proportion of unhealthy food, therefore making themprone to being overweight (Widome, Neumark‐Sztainer, Hannan, Haines, & Story, 2009). A qualitativestudy that identifies barriers to healthy eating among second level schools across Ireland showed thataggressive marketing by fast food franchises draw adolescents to these outlets although they know it isunhealthy; youth have autonomy over their eating behaviour and tend to eat unhealthily once they areindependent (Stevenson, Doherty, Barnett, Muldoon, & Trew, 2007)."