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"A study on habitat and food preference of Philemon buceroides in Moyo island, West Nusa Tenggara was conducted in April 1999 until July 1999. The aim of study is to explore the diversity and composition of plants and foods prefered by P. buceroides in its nature habitat. The results from this study will be very valuable in providing information and managing its conservation in both nature and or in man made habitat (in-situ and ex-situ)."

"The negative effect of chemical insecticides has ted to the efforts in tinding altemative strategies for biological pest control. Mycoinsecticide is one ofthe biological pesticides. which is among the most interesting agents of insect control. lt is well known that entomopathogenic fungi can kill insects.There are only few commercial products, which are produced on large scale for several years. Beauveria bassiana is one of the entomopathogenic fungus commonly used as a biocontrol agent for pests of crops. This fungus can be isolated from soil, plant materials or insect cadavers.This thesis consist of two papers, entitled : Isolation, identification and screening of indigenous entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana from Brebes, Central of Java, and Optimization of mycoinsecticide production of indigenous B. bassiana using rice tlour as a substrate. The aims of these research are to isolate, identify and screen indigenous entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana from Brebes, Central of Java and to assess the optimization of mycoinsecticide fermentation of indigenous B. bassiana using rice flour as the substrate through solid substrate fermentation (SSF) technique."

"Limestone cave is an unique ecosystem with having characteristics on enclosed space, dark, stable temperature, moist, air sirculation and being inhabited by specific flora and fauna. A limestone cave ecosystem is fragile and unrenewable for the process of its formation needs millions of years (Bullock,1965:60; Whitten et al. 1996: 542). Petruk and Jatijajar limestone caves are located at the vicinity of South Gombong Crust ,Central Java. Being potential as tourist attractions, the two caves are made used by local government tourist agency of Kebumen Regency. To create a proper managament system which saveguard the ecological function of the cave as well as the related ecological process, studies on the biodiversity and ecology are needed. The objectives of this study are primarily to understand : (1). The level of abundance of bats (2). The different of the physical environment which influence the bats populations (3). The diversity of fauna (4). The preference roosting place the bats at Petruk and Jatijajar cave. This study is conducted at Petruk cave and Jatijajar cave which are located at Ayah subdistric , Kebumen regency , Central Java in July - September 1999. The estimation of bat populations is made by counting the total number of induvidual bats when they left the cave in the evening and roosting the roof of cave during the days. For physical environment studies of the cave, the temperature, humidity and the light intensity at every zone of the cave were measured. Avertebrata and water fauna diversity were calculated by square method (murray 1991: 48), and the vertebrate diversity by line transek method (Wardoyo: 1986:11). The habitat preference of bat's roosting was identified using several criteria including the distance of the roosting place from the cave enterance, temperature, humidity and light intensity of the roosting place of each bats colony. To compare the physical data of the similar zone the ANOVA test was used at the level of 95 % signiticant (Walpole 1987: 383).The fauna diversity index was calculated by the Shanon - Whiner index (Cox, 1997:195). The similarity of those population were measured by Sorensen formula (Cox, 1997:197 ).The map for roosting habitat preference is made based on available map has been provided by Finspac' (1997), while for Jatijajar cave has been prepared by tourism agency of the Kebumen local goverment 1997. Conclusions drawn from this study were : 1) The bat population of Petruk cave during the research was approximately 144.00 at 661,34 and of Jatijajar cave around 2.874 + 179,2. 2) The physical environment of Petruk cave was warmer, with a high humidity level , and darker than the Jatijajar cave. 3) The land fauna diversity of Petruk cave was higher than that of Jatijajar cave. However those caves have similarities concerning the water fauna diversity. 4) At petruk cave 8 roosting places in habited by 6 species of bat' s namely : Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor,Hipposideros diadema, Myotis horsfieldii, Tadarida plicata and Rhinolopus luctus. At Jatijajar cave there are 6 roosting places inhabited by 3 species of bat , namely: Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor and Rhinoilopus luctus. At both of cave the R. amplexicaudatus prefer red to have a roosting place somewhere around the entrance due to sufficient light. However R. luctus preferred to have a roosting place at the far end of the cave where the level of humidity is high and there is no light at all. The other species : H. bicofon H. diadema ,M, horsfieldii, and T. plicata preferred to have a roosting place at the medle of the cave which little light is available and the temperature and humidity are fluctuative."

"PendahuluanDi Indonesia terdapat 3 juta pasangan infertil. Dengan kemajuan ilmu kedokteran pada umumnya dan andrologi pada khususnya, baru sekitar 50 % dari pasangan tersebut yang dapat ditolong. Dari pasangan infertil tersebut, sekitar 40% disebabkan adanya gangguan pada pihak pria.Tujuan utama dari berbagai cara penyiapan spermatozoa adalah untuk memisahkan spermatozoa dari plasma semen setuntas mungkin, sehingga diperoleh spermatozoa yang memiliki fungsi baik untuk keperluan artificial insemination husband (AIH) maupun in vitro fertilization (IVF). Prosedur pemisahan spermatozoa ini, antara lain metoda penyaringan dengan glass wool, kolom albumin, metoda swim-up dan metoda sentrifugasi gradien percoll. Adapun metoda yang sering digunakan untuk keperluan AIH maupun IVF pada pasangan ingin anak adalah metoda swim-up dan metoda sentrifugasi gradien percoll.Metoda swim-up telah terbukti efektif dalam memisahkan spermatozoa dengan kualitas tinggi pada semen normozoospermia dan oligozoospermia dalam hal motilitas dan morfologi spermatozoa. Namun, metoda swim-up menjadi pilihan mengingat bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk metoda swim-up relatif lebih murah dan mudah diperoleh.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan metoda swim up dengan metoda sentrifugasi gradien percoll dua lapis dalam menghasilkan spermatozoa dengan kualitas fungsi yang baik untuk keperluan pengembangan pelayanan penanggulangan masalah infertilitas."

"ABSTRAKBlood lipid is one of the factors which might cause atheroschlerosis especially if hyperlipidemia occurs (blood total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl and triglyceride a 150 mg/di). Consumption of foods with !ow lipid content can prevent hyperlipidemia. Soybeans and products made from them, such as soybean tempe, were reported to have a hypolipidemic effect. Those foods can decrease the human blood cholesterol and trigyceride level.Ergosterol is a sterol in cell membranes of microorganism, especially fungi and was found in the hyphae and spores of fungi. Ergosterol in Rhizopus spp. has not yet been studied, while Rhizopus moulds are used in the fermentation of soybean cotyledons into soybean tempe, a product which is widely consumed by all strata of the Indonesian community. The University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) has a number of Rhizopus species, which are most isolated from Indonesian soybean tempe. Morphologically two groups of Rhizopus moulds can be distinguished according to length of hyphae, measurements of the sporangiospores, and growth temperatures. The groups are macro-Rhizopus and micro-Rhizopus.This thesis consists of two parts. Part i is on the ergosterol content of the dry biomass of each UICC Rhizopus strain and in the soybean tempe. In Part II is studies the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats The studies were carried out at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Laboratory of Plant and Animal Reproduction Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Indonesia; at the Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Technologies, of The Ministry of Health; Jakarta Ill College; and also Laboratory of Chemical Analysis LIPI Bandung, on June 2006 - April 2007.The aim of this study was to analyse the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of Rhizopus and in the soybean tempe obtained. Five UICC Rhizopus strain respectively UICC 52 (Rh. arrhizus), UICC 128 (Rh. oryzae), UICC 531 (Rh. microsporus var. microsporus), UICC 550 (Rh. microsporus var. oligosporus), and UICC 551 (Rh. microporus var. oligosporus); and to know the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats which were fed with the respective biomass of the five Rhizopus spp. and compared with the rats fed with the soybean tempe using the five mentioned Rhizopus spp. as inoculum the respective fermentation processes. The rats (Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar) were obtained from the Laboratory of Animal Drug Testing, Gunung Sindur, Bogor. The rats were males and 2 - 3 months old. Analysis of the ergosterol content was carried out using HPLC. The Diagnostic Liquicolour Cholesteroloxidase 4-aminophenazone (CHOD-PAP) method was used for the measurement of blood total cholesterol level, and Gliserophosphoxidase Paraaminophenazone (GPO-PAP) for measurement of triglyceride level of the rats. Soybean tempe was prepared using an inoculum of each Rhizopus strain, and then powdered. The rats were given palm oil orally during 7 days to boost up the blood lipid level. Then they were fed with the fungal biomass or with the soybean tempe powder.The results obtained were : the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of the five UICC Rhizopus spp. studied varied between (278,8 - 673,17) mg/g, while in the soybean tempe (3,3 - 8,1) mg/g. Both were able to decrease the blood lipid level in rats. However, soybean tempe gave a higher decrease (58 %) in comparison with the results of the dry biomass of the Rhizopus spp. (51.6 %)."

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum.This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation.Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Fiigari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The Ml plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed.The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the Ml generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400-500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800-1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200-300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants."

"ABSTRAKPemanfaatan tanaman obat sebagai sumber senyawa yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan terus berkembang. Salah satu tanaman obat yang memiliki berbagai manfaat kesehatan adalah Moringa oleifera Lam. Tanaman tersebut dikenal sebagai kelor dan daunnya banyak digunakan sebagai sumber makanan di Indonesia. Daun tanaman tersebut dilaporkan berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri alami. Aktivitas antibakteri daun mungkin ditingkatkan melalui proses fermentasi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antibakteri dari hasil fermentasi infusa daun M. oleifera Lam. menggunakan metode agar well diffusion terhadap Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 dan Escherichia coli InaCC B5. Proses fermentasi dilakukan oleh Lactobacillus pentosus InaCC B149 selama 24 jam dengan berbagai konsentrasi infusa daun (2,5%, 5,0% dan 10,0%). Infusa tidak difermentasi digunakan sebagai kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan infusa daun M. oleifera Lam. difermentasi dengan konsentrasi 5,0% dan 10,0% menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kedua bakteri uji. Indeks aktivitas (IA) infusa 5,0% dan 10,0% tersebut terhadap S.aureus InaCC B4 berturut-turut adalah 0,45±0,006 dan 0,56±0,04; dan IA terhadap E.coli InaCC B5 berturut-turut adalah 0,59±0,053 dan 0,77±0,119. Asam organik (asam laktat dan asam asetat) yang diproduksi melalui fermentasi gula oleh L. pentosus diduga sebagai agen antibakteri utama dalam penelitian. Kadar total asam yang dinyatakan sebagai asam laktat dalam infusa difermentasi yaitu 0,64%±0,007 (infusa 5,0%) dan 0,89%±0,000 (infusa 10,0%). Sementara itu, aktivitas antibakteri dari infusa daun difermentasi dengan konsentrasi 2,5% dan kelompok kontrol tidak terdeteksi terhadap kedua bakteri uji. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses fermentasi oleh Lactobacillus pentosus InaCC B149 meningkatkan aktivitas antibakteri dari infusa daun M. oleifera Lam. pada konsentrasi infusa 5,0% dan 10,0%.

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ABSTRACT

Utilization of medicinal plants as a source of compounds that can improve the quality of health continues to develop. One of the medicinal plants which has various health benefits is Moringa oleifera Lam. The plant is known as Kelor and its leaves are widely used as a food source in Indonesia. The leaves are reported to have potential as a natural antibacterial agent. The antibacterial activity of the leaf possibly to be enhanced through the fermentation process. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of fermented M. oleifera Lam. leaf infusion using the well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B4 and Escherichia coli InaCC B5. The fermentation process was carried out by Lactobacillus pentosus InaCC B149 for 24 hours with various concentrations of the leaf infusion (2.5 %, 5.0% and 10.0 %). The non-fermented leaf infusion used as control. The result reveals that fermented M. oleifera Lam. leaf infusion at 5.0% and 10.0% concentration exhibited antibacterial activity against both bacterial test. The activity index (IA) of fermented 5.0% and 10.0% against S.aureus InaCC B4 were 0.45 ± 0.006 and 0.56 ± 0.04, respectively; and IA against E.coli InaCC B5 were 0.59 ± 0.053 and 0.77 ± 0.119, respectively. Organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid) produced from fermentation sugar by L. pentosus are assumed to be the primary antibacterial agents in the study. Total acid levels expressed as lactic acid in fermented infusions were 0.64% ± 0.007 (5.0% infusion) and 0.89% ± 0.000 (10.0% infusion). On the other hand, the antibacterial activity of the fermented leaf infusion with a concentration of 2.5% and the control group not detected against both bacterial test. This study shows that the fermentation process by Lactobacillus pentosus InaCC B149 increased the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera Lam. leaf infusion at a concentration of 5.0% and 10.0%."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan menganalisis DNA genom 118 generasi pertama (T0) dengan metode Southern hybridization dan 549 generasi kedua (T1) dengan metode PCR dan uji seleksi pada tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.) hasil transformasi T-DNA yang mengandung transposon Ac/Ds pembawa activation tag, melalui metode infeksi Agrobacterium tumefaciens L. dengan plasmid pMO22. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi, LIPI, Cibinong selama 10 bulan (Agustus 2007--Mei 2008). Analisis Southern hybridization menunjukkan 9 dari 46 tanaman T0 mengandung single copy T-DNA. Generasi T1 yang diperoleh dari 9 parental (T0) yaitu sebanyak 549 tanaman. Analisis aktivitas transposon Ds pada 161 tanaman T1 dari 5 parental T0 dengan PCR eksisi menunjukkan 110 tanaman memiliki aktivitas transposon Ds. Keberadaan transposon Ac/Ds pada genom tanaman T1 dideteksi dengan penanda reporter gen gfp, bar, dan hpt. Uji GFP tidak berhasil mendeteksi gen gfp dalam transposon Ds karena ekspresi gen tersebut lemah. Uji seleksi basta dan uji higromisin pada 161 tanaman T1 dari 5 parental T0 menunjukkan 78 tanaman mutan yang mengandung transposon Ds stabil (tidak mengandung transposon Ac). Penelitian berhasil membuktikan sistem transposon Ac/Ds dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh populasi tanaman padi mutan yang mengandung transposon Ds stabil pembawa activation tag, dengan posisi yang berbeda-beda."

"Telah dilakukan pengamatan mengenai interaksi sosial dalam kelompok gorila (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Savage & Wyman 1847) jantan di Pusat Primata Schmutzer (PPS), Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta.Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui perilaku sosial kelompok gorila jantan (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) tanpa keberadaan betina di Pusat Primata Schmutzer.Subjek penelitian adalah 3 (tiga) ekor gorila jantan, yang terdiri dari 1 (satu) silverback dan 2 (dua) blackback dengan usia 11--13 tahun. Interaksi sosial yang diamati adalah interaksi yang terjadi antara 3 pasangan interaksi (PI), yaitu antara silverback terhadap blackback 1 (PI1), silverback terhadap blackback 2 (PI2), dan blackback 1 terhadap blackback 2 (PI3). Pengamatan dilakukan dengan data yang diperoleh berasal dari 18 hari observasi.Metode yang digunakan yaitu gabungan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval pengambilan sampel selama 5 menit tanpa jeda.Perilaku sosial yang dicatat meliputi perilaku afiliatif dan perilaku agonistik. Perilaku afiliatif yang dicatat adalah vokalisasi, mendekat (approach), mengikuti (follow), kontak (contact), dan saling menelisik (allo-grooming).Jenis vokalisasi yang berhasil dicatat adalah cutting, contact call, soft panthoot, pant-hoot, dan growl. Berdasarkan hasil observasi, perilaku afiliatif pada ketiga pasangan tampak berbeda. Persentase perilaku afiliatif terbesar terdapat pada PI2 dan terkecil pada PI3. Perilaku agonistik yang dijumpai adalah perilaku mendorong, menarik, memukul, memukul objek, menggigit, mengusir, mengejar, meluncur, stare, memukul dada (chest beating), dan vokalisasi agonistik. Perilaku agonistik dengan level agresi tertinggi terlihat pada PI3. Perilaku menggigit hanya ditemukan pada PI3. Selama pengamatan, tidak terlihat jelas adanya peranan silverback sebagai pemimpin di dalam kelompoknya."