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"One of the most important factors in the formulation of effective breeding plans for improving the genetic quality of crops and livestock is a knowledge of the relative contribution made by genes to the variability of a trait under consideration. The variability of phenotypic values for quantitative trait can be partitioned into genetic and non genetic (environment) components.

The heritability is defined as a ratio of additive genetic variances to phenotypic variances. The most important function of the heritability is its predictive role. Heritability value is an expression of the reliability of the phenotypic value as a guide to breeding values.

The edible portion trait of giant freshwater prawn has a high heritability, since most of the phenotypic variability is due to genetic variations. Thus, genetic improvement can be made by selecting individuals with preferred phenotype because the offspring-parent correlation should be high. This is called mass selection or individual selection, but it is actually based on the individual's own performance record or phenotype.

The giant freshwater prawn population from Cimanuk (Tanjung Air, West Jawa), Cimandiri (Pelabuhan Ratu, West Jawa) and Walanae (Maros, South Sulawesi), obtained from natural habitat, were used in this study. The determination of heritability were conducted on several charater i.e. carapace length, standard length, dressing perecentage, edible portion and weight. The determination of heritability was based on regression between parents and offsprings. Structure of selection was conducted by individual selection. Parental stocks were selected based on individual breeding value. Natural breeding were used for first and second progeny.

Larvae were reared of eggs originated from individual female that had been mated to double males. Female were reared in 200-litre concrete tanks and newly hatched larvae were placed in 50-litre conical tanks. Water was recirculated through the tanks. The duration of rearing the larvae was 35 days.

Fingerlings were reared in cages replaced on 500 m2 earthen pond. Grow-out of juveniles were reared on 100 m2 earthen ponds. Juveniles were fed pellets with 30 % protein content. The duration of grow-out was 3 months.

The results showed that the heritability values of carapace length, standard length, weight, dressing percentage, and edible portion trait were in the level of medium to high. These suggest that giant freshwater prawn populations from Cimanuk, Cimandiri and Walanae are responsive to selection. Indeed, individual selection on edible portion trait show a positive response to selection. Therefore, selection programme can be utilized for genetic improvement of giant freshwater prawn.

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Heritabilitas merupakan rasio antara keragaman aditif dan keragaman fenotipe. Fungsi penting dari heritabilitas adalah bersifat prediktif pada generasi berikutnya. Nilainya dapat memperlihatkan nilai fenotipe yang pada akhirnya dapat digunakan sebagai breeding value . Nilai heritabilitas edible portion trait cukup tinggi pada udang galah. Oleh karena itu, program seleksi dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan mutu genetik udang galah.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan populasi udang dari Cimanuk (Tanjung Air, Jawa Barat), Cimandiri (Pelabuhan Ratu, Jawa Barat), dan Walanae (Maros, Sulawesi selatan) yang di koleksi dari alam.Penentuan heritabilitas dilaksanakan pada beberapa karakter yaitu panjang karapas, panjang standar, berat, dressing percentage, dan edible portion. Penetapan nilai heritabilitas didasarkan atas perbandingan antara induk dengan keturunannya. Struktur seleksi yang dilakukan adalah seleksi individu. Untuk memilih induk udang digunakan breeding value.Untuk memproduksi keturunan F, dan F2 dilakukan pemijahan secara alami. Pemeliharaan larva udang dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem air jernih. Untuk menghasilkan udang ukuran juvenil dan pembesaran udang, dilakukan di kolam tanah.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai heritabilitas pada karakter panjang karapas (0,68 - 0,86), panjang standar (0,43 - 0,90), berat tubuh (0,85?0,97), dressing percentage (0,49 - 0,95) dan edible portion trait (0,46- 0,67) memperlihatkan nilai medium sampai tinggi. Hasil yang diperoleh ini dapat di interpretasikan bahwa populasi udang dari Cimanuk, Cimandiri dan Walanae memperlihatkan indikasi respon yang positif, jika karakter-karakter tersebut akan di seleksi. Implementasi struktur seleksi individu pada edible portion trait populasi udang galah tersebut memberikan respon yang positif."

"Yotefa Bay, lying on the north coast of Jayapura, was established as a Tourist Park in 1978, based on the Minister of Agriculture's Decree No.: 372/KptslUm/6/1978 dated 9"? June 1978, Mangrove forest, which spreads out from the north part to southeast part of Yotefa Bay, is dominated by Rhizophora spp. Research on pattern of litter production of Rhizophora mucronata in Yotefa Bay Tourist Park, Jayapura-Papua, was conducted from June - September 1999. This research was experimental research using vegetation analysis transect method, and the data analysis to know the community srtucture was conducted using quantitative parameters, i.e.: diameter at breast high (dbh); density and bassal area. Litterfall was collected according to the methods describes by Brown (1984), using a spesilic litter traps- All materials acumulated in the traps were collected once per week during the sampling period. Estimated of litterfall rates were using the formulas by Chansang and Poovachiranon (1990), and estimated of production of litterfall using the statistical porcedures by Walpole (1985).

The results showed that total of R. mucronata litter production ranged between 18.8120 tons ha"year" to 78.84 tons ha"year". The largest component of litter obtained was leaves: 52.04%, followed by component of fruits 34.34%, flowers 9.91% and skin-branches 3.78% respectively. There is not a tendency that pattern of leave litter production in the mangrove forest in Yotefa Bay follows rainfall fluctuation, and did not tend to be greater during rainy season. lt is necessary to conduct similar research in other mangrove forest of Yotefa Bay Tourist Park. It is hoped that in th next research, besides the use of more spesific supporting parameters, the location for observation will be wider, with many more litter traps and longer time for observation. Research on decomposition rate of R. mucronata leave litter was conducted in 16 weeks, starting from June to September 1999.

This research was also a factorial experiment with two factors. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with two-way classification in order to know whether the time-length of soaking and immersion, and the location of decomposition have any influence on the rate of decomposition. Analysis was also done to determine the rate of decomposition value (k value). Chemical analysis was done in the laboratory to know the content of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphor and Potassium elements in the leave litter of the R. rnucronafa of the decomposition remnants.

The results showed that decomposition rate of leave litter of R. mucronata was influenced by the time-length of soaking and immersion and the decomposition location. The rate of decomposition value (k value) average was 1.19; this value showed that decomposition worked well. Average contents of element of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphor and Potassium were respectively 14,135, 1,27%, O,100% and O,212%. The existence of those elements in the decomposed mangrove leave litter has effected the rate of decomposition value. lt is necessary to conduct a similar research in the other part of mangrove forest in the Yotefa Bay Tourist Park, Jayapura. lt is expected that the next research will be focused more on microorganism activities (fungi and bacteria) and the influence of other abiotic factors, which have not been done in this research, in order to know the influence of those factors onthe rate of decomposition."

"During the past thirty years Sumatra has undergone the highest deforestation rate in all of Indonesia. This is the result of the Indonesian forest management that mainly focuses on wood exploitation. In addition, the high rate of human settlements and unplanned development has accelerated the conversion of forests into palm plantations, rubber, coffee, tea and other crops. These conversions will ultimately decrease the biodiversity of Sumatra, therefore it is very important than effective conservation areas be placed to conserve the biodiversity of Sumatra.This thesis is a compilation of two scientific papers entitled 1) The Decrease of Ecosystem Types and Its Representation in Conservation Areas of Sumatra and 2) Development, Distribution. and Management of Conservation Areas in Sumatra. The first paper discusses the causes of the area decrease of each ecosystem types and its representation in conservation areas and also to give recommendations if whether an ecosystem type is not represented. The second paper discuses area development and distribution of conservation areas in Sumatra from 1967-2000; analyses the level of management in conservation areas from the point of view of regional autonomy in governance, funding and human resources. Gap analysis and descriptive methods were use to asses ecosystem types that are currently represented in conservation area. Data is compiled from a variety of resources, mostly from competent institution, such as Dept. of Forestry, Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Transmigration, State Office of The Ministry of Environment, and Central Biro of Statistics and non-government organizations (CIFOR, CI-IP, WWF, Wetland International, Birdlife, Walhi, and other local NGO's).The main causes of degradation and shrinkage of ecosystems in Sumatra are illegal logging, extensive transmigration, illegal mining, plantations, and forest fires, The Sumatran ecosystems can be divided into 15 types, One of them-the heath forests has not been represented in any conservation areas. Seven types of ecosystem have less than 10% representation in conservation areas. They are: semi-evergreen rainforest (1 %), ironwood forests (2%), peat swamp forest (2%), mangrove forests (4%), lowland evergreen rainforest (5%), freshwater swamp forests (6%), and tropical pine forest (7%). Six other ecosystems that are represented adequately (more than 10%) are: mountain moist forest (14%), lowland limestone forests (15%); sandy-beach forests (15%) sub alpine forest (21%), limestone mountain forests (29 %), and coral reefs (30%). There is one ecosystem not discussed (rivers and lakes) because of the lack of data and information. Ecosystems that aren't adequately represented in conservation areas are mostly in low land forest; these regions have in fact undergone deforestation and conversions. Adding conservation areas for these ecosystems can be done by legislating already existing conservation area proposals.The development of conservation area management in Sumatra is towards the making of National Parks, which encompasses 75% (3.430.390 ha) of the total conservation areas (4.567.750 ha). Besides of being large, in area wise, national parks have more funding and human resources. Parks also accommodate the various functions of conservation areas. Judging from its size, more than 81% (3.699.878 ha) of the total conservation areas in Sumatra are small (less than 50.000 ha) which spreads over low land areas, The distribution of conservation areas in Sumatra is 60% (2.653.000 ha) on high land areas.Sumatra's national parks are funded averagely below parks in Java. Parks in Sumatra are run at an average of Rp 2.500 per hectare, where else in Java, it is Rp 37.000 per hectare. The same situation applies to ratio of land to human resources. In Sumatra one forest service employee must cover 3.500 hectares of park area, meanwhile in Gunung Gede Pangranggo National Park (Java) one employee has to cover 158 hectares. Noting the various problems in Sumatra such as illegal settlements, illegal logging, illegal cattle herding, poaching, forest fires and etc. the current condition is far from adequate. Even with limited funding, by utilizing management systems like ICDP (Integrated Community Development Project), IPAS (Integrated Protected Areas System) or Ecosystem Management, the goals of conservation will hopefully be reached."

"ABSTRAKUbi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) merupakan bahan makanan penting di Indonesia setelah padi. dan jagung. Lebih kurang 60% dari produksi ubi kayu di Indonesia digunaan sebagai bahan makanan. 32% digunakan sebagai bahan industri dalam negeri, dan 8% diekspor dalam bentuk gaplek. Luas tanaman ubi kayu di Indonesia selama 5 tahun ter.akhir berkisar 1.4 juta hektar dan lebih kurang 1 juta hektar berada di Jawa. Ditinjau dart kalori yang dihasilkan per satuan luas tanah, ubi kayu menghasilkan kalori lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan padi dan jagung. Sedangkan apabila ditinjau dari kalori yang dihasilkan per satuan waktu jagung lebih tinggi hasil kalorinya dibandingkan padi dan ubi kayu. Tanaman ubi kayu umumnya ditanam dengan menggunakan bahan tanam yang berupa stek batang. Sedangkan perbanyakan biji, dilakukan hanya untuk kepentingan pemuliaan. Mengingat sangat mudahnya penanaman, peranan mutu stek seringkali diabaikan. hal ini akan mengakibatkan umbi yang diproduksi pertanaman sangat bervariasi.Hasil-hasil penelitian mutu stek tanaman ubi kayu dari beberapa negara masih beraneka ragam, bahkan ada yang bertolak belakang. Sedangkan informasi ilmiah yang menunjang data-data penelitian dari luar negeri tersebut masih kurang. Akibatnya, standard mutu stek yang baik bagi tanaman ubi kayu masih belum jelas. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh bahan tanam terhadap pola pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman ubi kayu. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melaksanakan empat percobaan lapang, empat percobaan pot dan dua percobaan laboratorium. Percobaan lapang dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Cassava Research Project Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya di Bedali, Lawang. Terletak pada ketinggian 450m di atas permukaan laut, 18 km sebelah utara Malang. Mempunyai tipe iklim C3 berdasarkan perhitungan Oldeman (1975). Sedangkan percobaan pot dan laboratorium berturutturut dilakukan di Fakultas Pertanian dan Laboratorium Cassava Research Project Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya, Malang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari hubungan antara bagian batang yang digunakan sebagai bahan tanam, yang meliputi ukuran, berat, kandungan pati dan nutrisi dengan pola pertumbuhan tanaman beserta produksi umbi tanaman ubi kayu.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bagian-bagian dari batang yang dipakai untuk stek sangat berpengaruh baik terhadap pertumbuhan maupun produksi umbi dibandingkan dengan umur tanaman pada saat batang yang akan digunakan stek diambil. Produksi umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah berada pada 6.4% dan 12.7% lebih besar dari pada stek yang berasal dart batang bagian tengah dan atas. Begitu pula dengan ukuran umbinya. Umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah berukuran 4.1% dan 11.9% lebih besar, dibanding dengan umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek batang bagian tengah dan atas. Walaupun dalam penelitian secara statistik perbedaan umur tanaman sendiri tidak berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap produksi umbi (kg), tetapi hal yang panting untuk diperhatikan adalah bahwa perbedaan produksi umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah dan atas dari tanaman yang berumur muda (7 bulan), jauh lebih besar apabila dibandingkan dengan yang berasal dari tanaman tua (13 bulan). Sebagai gambaran perbedaan produksi umbi yang dihasilkan oleh stek yang berasal dart batang bagian bawah dan atas dari tanaman ubi kayu berumur 11 - 13 bulan berkisar 10% sedangkan dari tanaman yang berumur 7 - 9 bulanberkisar 15%. Perbedaan produksi umbi ini disebabkan pula oleh perbedaan berat total tanaman yang dihasilkan dan bukan karena adanya perbedaan distribusi dari bagian tanaman yang dihasilkan. Stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah menghasilkan nilai kurun luas daun (leaf area duration) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan stek yang berasal dari batang bagian tengah dan atas.Pada awal pertumbuhan diperlihatkan bahwa pertumbuhan tunas dari stek batang bagian atas lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan yang berasal dart stek batang bagian bawah. Akan tetapi untuk pertumbuhan berikutnya terjadi keadaan sebaliknya. Laju pertumbuhan relatif dari bagian-bagian tanaman (akar, batang dan daun) lebih cepat untuk stek batang bagian bawah. Kandungan nutrisi stek bervariasi, tergantung dari bagian batang yang mana stek tersebut berasal. Stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah mengandung nutrisi dan pati lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang berasal dari bagian atas. Terdapat hubungan linier yang positif antara kandungan nitrogen dan kalium dengan produksi umbi. Tidak terdapat interaksi yang nyata antara panjang dan diameter stek terhadap produksi umbi. Tetapi baik panjang maupun diameter stek itu sendiri berpengaruh terhadap produksi umbi.Dari hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa panjang optimum stek berkisar 25 cm. Pada pertumbuhan awal tanaman, stek dengan panjang 25 cm menghasilkan produksi umbi dan laju pertumbuhan umbi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan stek yang lebih pendek maupun lebih panjang. Namun demikian, stek yang lebih panjang dart 25 cm me perlihatkan laju pertumbuhan tanaman bagian atas tanah yang lebih tinggi. Semakin besar atau semakin kecil diameter stek, mengakibatkan produksi semakin menurun. Stek berdiameter 2.25 - 2.50 cm menghasilkan produksi umbi yang tertinggi dibandingkan dengan stek yang berdiameter lebih kecil dari 2.25 cm dan lebih besar dari 2.50 cm. Walaupun panjang dan diameter stek berhubungan erat dengan berat stek tetapi dart hasil penelitian tidak terlihat hubungan secara nyata antara berat stek dan produksi umbi.Dari hasil penelitian ini dapatlah disimpulkan bahwa mutu stek tanaman ubi kayu yang baik adalah stek yang berasal dari batang bagian bawah, berukuran panjang sekitar 25 cm, dan berdiameter 2.25 - 2,50 cm. Sedangkan banyaknya stek bermutu balk yang dapat dihasilkan oleh satu tanaman sangat tergantung dart umur dan caritas tanaman ubi kayu itu sendiri. Diperkirakan panjang batang yang dapat digunakan sebagai stek bermutu baik berasal dari tanaman berumur 11 - 13 bulan, dengan panjang lebih kurang separuh bagian dari pangkal batang.

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ABSTRACT

As a food crop in Indonesia, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plays an important role after rice and maize. About 60% of cassava production in Indonesia is consumed as staple food, 32% is used as industrial material for domestic use, and 8% is exported as dried cassava (?gaplek?). The area of cassava in Indonesia in the last 5 years has been about 1.4 million hectares, about 1 million hectares of which are in Java. On the basis of the calories produced per unit area of land, cassava gives a higher calorie yield than rice or maize. However, on the basis of calories produced per unit area per unit of time, maize produces a higher calorie yield than rice or cassava.

Because propagation is easy, the variation in quality of stem material for propagation has never been seriously investigated. Moreover, research which has been conducted overseas has given variable and sometimes conflicting results. Thus the position regarding quality or stem cuttings for propagation was not clear. Accordingly a research program was undertaken to study the influence of four field experiments, four pot experiments and two laboratory experiments were conducted. The field experiments were conducted in the experimental field of the Cassava Research Project, Faculty of Agriculture. Brawijaya University, at Bedali, Lawang. This is situated 450 m above sea level, 18 km north of Malang. Pot and laboratory experiments were done respectively at the Faculty of Agriculture Brawijaya University, and the Laboratory of the Cassava Research Project, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University.

The objectives of the experiments were to determine how growth pattern and final root yield are related to age, region of stem, size, length, diameter, weight, carbohydrate and nutrient contents of the propagation material.

Results of the experiments showed that the age of the plant from which cuttings were obtained affected dry matter production, and both root yield and total plant dry weight were significantly influenced by the position on the stem from which cuttings were obtained. Cuttings from the base of the stem gave a higher yield than cuttings from either the medial region (which yielded 6.4% less than basal) or the apical regions (12.7% lees). The difference in yield per hectares were brought about by differences in number and weight of storage roots, but the more important of these two components of yield was the size (weight) of the storage roots. The weight of roots produced from basal-region cuttings was 4.1% greater than from medial-region cuttings and 11.9% greater than from apical-region cuttings. Ave-rage growth rates of plants showed a similar pattern; growth rates from basal, medial and apical cuttings were respectively 24.2, 28.0 and 30.8 g/plant/week.

Although the age of stem did not have a significant effect on yield, the difference between the root yields from basal and apical cuttings was greater for young stem (7 and 9 months old) than for older stems (11 and 13 months old). With young stems, the apical cuttings gave plants which yielded 10% less than those from basal cuttings. With the older stems the difference was 15%. In the initial growth, sprouting of the apical cuttings was quicker than of the basal cuttings, but the subsequent growth of the basal cuttings was more rapid than of the apical cuttings. The relative growth rates of the plant organs (roots, new shoots and new plants) developed from basal cuttings were greater than from apical cuttings. The nutrient content of the cuttings (mg/cutting) varied with position on the parent stem. The oldest section (lowest section) of the stem had the highest nutrient and starch contents. Storage root yield was positively and linearly related to both nitrogen and potassium con-tents of the cuttings. Length and diameter of cutting individually influenced yield. However, there was no significant interaction between them. The optimum cutting length was about 25 cm. For root and storage-root growth, the optimum cutting lenght was 25 cm. This is possibly because cuttings of 25 cm gave plants with higher rates of root and storage-root growth during the initial growth phase than either shorter or longer cuttings. On the other hand, for shoot growth, the rate of growth was greater the longer the cutting. The optimum diameter of cutting was 2.25 - 2.50 cm; yields were lower from cuttings that had bigger or smaller diameters than this. Although cutting length and diameter were related to weight of cutting, there was no relation-ship found between weight of cutting and root yield.

From these results of the experiments it can be concluded that the quality of a cutting is best if it is taken from the basal region of the stem, is about 25 cm long, and has diameter of 2.25 - 2.50 cm. However, in general, any cutting from the lower half of the stem gives satisfactory results."

"UJI INFEKTIVITAS Scleroderma spp. PADA SEMAI Shoreaselarrica (DC.) Blume DAN Hopea odorata (Roxb.)ABSTRACT 1Infection test of Scleroderma geaster, Scleroderma sirmamariense, Sclerodermacolumnare and Scleroderma sp. to Shorea selanica seedlings has been studied undergreen house conditions. Those myconhizal lirngi, except Scleroderma sp. were alsotested to Hopea odorara seedlings. Root mycorrhizal percentage and formation ofmantel and Hartigfs net structures were investigated.The objective of the research was to find out the most infective Sclerodermamycorrhizal iimgi to Shorea selanica and Hopea odorara seedlings._ Root structural analysis of 3 months inoculated roots showed that there weremycorrhizal colonization in Shorea selanica and Hopea odoraia rooting system butmantel and I-Iartig?s net structures were not formed yet. These structures werecompletely fonned 4 months after inoculation. Root structure observation showed thatScleroderma spp. colonized and infected well the root system of Shorea selarzica andHopea odorara seedlings. The percentage of mycorrhizal roots was 13.75 % to 42.50 %for Shorea selanica seedlings and 14.17 % to 59.17 % for Hopea odorata. Hartig?s netstructures were formed in between two radially elongated epidermis cells.PENDAHULUANTanaman meranti (Dqoterocarpaceae) merupakan salah satu pohon hutan tropisyang mutlak rnembutuhkan mikoriza terutama pada tingkat semai (Yasman, 1997).Mikoriza adalah suatu asosiasi yang sepenuhnya simbiosis dan menghasilkan suatu sifatmorfologi yang baru dan konsisten dalam proses asosiasinya serta mendatangkankcuntungan untuk lcedua organisme tersebut (Harley & Smith, 1983). Sclerodermaspp. mempakan cendawan elctomikoriza yang sexing ditemukan berasosiasi dengan jenis-jenis tanaman dan famili Dipterocarpaceae, Pinaceae dan Gnetaceae. Sifat khusus dariektomikoriza adalah adanya struktur mantel yang terbcntuk dad jalinan hifa, yangmenetap pada permukaan akar dan Hartig-net yang terdapat di antara sel epidermis dan1"

"Thesis Supervisors: Dr. Suyanto Pawiroharsono; Prof. Dr. Indrawati GandjarSUMMARYFood deterioration is often due to lipid oxidation, excluding bacterial andenzymatic spoilage. The end-products of lipid oxidation, such as aldehydes,ketones, and alcohols are responsible for unacceptable off-tiavors and off-odors in food. Lipid oxidation can be inhibited by antioxidants.Soybean tempe is the most popular indigenous fermented food inIndonesia. Soybeans are known to contain isotiavones. Four major forms areknown respectively as acetylglycosides, malonylglycosides, glycosides, andaglycones.Tempe were produced from soybean fermentation by Rhizopus oryzaeUICC 524 and Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521. The tempesamples were extracted with methanol and the extraction defatted with hexa»ne. The isoflavone aglycones were isolated using column chromatography,and then anaiyzed using a gradient elution reverse phase of high-pressureliquid chromatography (HPLC). After HPLC analysis, isotiavone aglyconeswere evaporated to dryness and added to soybean oil at the 100, 200, 300,iii ' and 400-ppm concentration in test tubes, then heated at 170°C for 30 minu-tes. The oxidation of soybean oil was measured using the thiobarbituric acid(TBA) test. The result, called thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) value, was expressed as pmolll and compared to the syntheticantioxidant, buthylated hidroxytoluene (BHT), at the same concentration.The profile of isoflavone aglycones isolated contains daidzein andgenistein. No factor-2 (6,7,4'-trihidroxyisoflavone) and glycitein were detec-ted. Daidzein resulted from biotransformation of daidzin was dominant inboth tempe samples. The isoflavone biotransformation was much greater byR. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 than by R. oryzae UICC 524, exceptfor the 24 hours incubation. After 72 hours of incubation, the total isoflavoneaglycones in tempe using R. microsporus var. chfnensis UICC 521 was721.6 pglg and when using R. oryzae UICC 524, 268.2 p.glg.The oxidized soybean oil without any antioxidants had a TBARS value of327.32 1 20.31 pmol/1. Addition of the antioxidants showed a decreasedTBARS value following increasing concentration for both. For concentrationuntil 300 ppm, the TBARS values of oxidized soybean oil added with isofla-vone aglycones were greater than when added with BHT, respectively55.40 zl: 2.77 pmol!! and 45.20 i 2.63 pmolll. However at concentration of400 ppm, the TBARS values of oxidized soybean oil added with isoftavoneaglycones and added with BHT did not show a significant difference.ix + -51 pp; 6 append; 5 plates; 3 tables.Bilb 35 (1964-1999).iv"

"Mangrove forest is coastal vegetation which influenced by sea water and river flow tide. Beside as a habitat for various sea biota and natural food resources for various fish, mangrove forest also has important function to protect coastline ecosystem.A Two kind of research have been done; first, silvofishery aspect and status and conservation mangrove forest in Muara Gembong Bekasi West JavaThe first research for studying variously silvofishery ecology aspect. Result of research shows litter production around 3,0-4,8 ton/ha/year; velocity litter decomposition 55 - 77 %; temperature 30,2 - 30,9 °C; salinity 21,7 - 27,5; brightness 0,48 - 99,5 m; pH 7,9 - 8.1; oxygen 4,5 - 5,4 mgll; BOD 1.9 - 2,9 mg/l; COD 139,1 - 272,6 mgll; Nitrat-N 0,140 - 0.274 mgll: Ortho-P040 0,034 -0.062 mgll. Fitoplankton analysis got result there was 4 family 17 spesies and for zooplankton had 2 family with 6 spesies. The second research have been done for knowing about the total mangrove plant which grew there and for giving ecology characteristics. The research shows that in research area had 14 species from 9 family. Vegetation in this area is dominated by Rhizophora, Avicenia, Exoecria, Sonneratia, Bruguiera, Achantus, Acrostichum, Aegiceros, Wedelia, Nypa.The conclusion of two researches shows mangrove forest in Muara Gembong Bekasi West Java is unique estuarine ecosystem type with mangrove and in this area had a good potential to be developed as brackiswater area through silvofishery. According to potential area and considering need projection, management of mangrove forest area have to be developed with government support. Because we face a problem with brackwiswater farmer who always try to enlarge their brackiswater area through cut down the mangrove plant"

"Penelitian etnobotani tumbuhan obat belum banyak dikaitkan dengan penelitian mengenai vegetasi hutan sebagai sumber tumbuhan obat. Telah dilakukan penelitian oleh Anas (2013), Rahma (2013), dan Sehati (2013) yang mendata 213 jenis Angiospermae berhabitus pohon (tingkat pohon, belta, dan semai) dari 53familidi zona inti Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas (TNBD). Data tersebut menjadi bahan studi potensi tumbuhan obat untuk mengetahui manfaat pengobatan spesies tumbuhan dari ketiga penelitian tersebut. Studi dilakukan melalui penelusuran pustaka, wawancara ahli, dan dokumentasi tumbuhan. Delapan puluh tiga jenis merupakan tumbuhan obat yang digunakan berbagai etnis di Indonesia dengan keragaman bagian yang digunakan dan penyakit yang diobati. Daun merupakan bagian tumbuhan obat yang paling banyak digunakan. Jenis penyakit yang paling banyak diobati dengan tumbuhan obat adalah gangguan gastrointestinal. Bioaktivitas dari 14 jenis tumbuhan telah diketahui sesuai dengan penggunaan tumbuhan tersebut. Sebanyak 28 jenis berada dalam database IUCN red list dengan 5 jenis berada dalam daftar high risk. Aquilaria malaccensis merupakan satu-satunya jenis yang berada dalam apendiks II CITES.

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Analysis about forest vegetation are rarely related to medicinal potency of the plants. There are 213 species of Angiospermae in tree form (tree, belt, and seedling level) from 53 family recorded from Anas’ (2013), Rahma’s (2013), and Sehati’s (2013) researches in the core zone of Bukit Duabelas National Park. This data become the material of analysis about medicinal ethnobotanyto understand about medicinal properties of plant species’ from those three researches. The analysis is done by literature study, interview with ethnobotany researcher, and plant documentation. There are eighty three species used as medicinal plants in several Indonesian tribes and ethnics with high variation in use and disease.Leaves are the most frequently used part of medicinal plants and gastrointestinal disfunctions treatment are the one that use the most medicinal plants. Comparation between ethnobotanical study and bioactivity assay only shows correlation for fourteen species. Known that 28 species are in the IUCN redlist database with 5 species in highrisklist. Aquilaria malaccensis is the only plant included in the appendix II of CITES."