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"PendahuluanDi Indonesia terdapat 3 juta pasangan infertil. Dengan kemajuan ilmu kedokteran pada umumnya dan andrologi pada khususnya, baru sekitar 50 % dari pasangan tersebut yang dapat ditolong. Dari pasangan infertil tersebut, sekitar 40% disebabkan adanya gangguan pada pihak pria.Tujuan utama dari berbagai cara penyiapan spermatozoa adalah untuk memisahkan spermatozoa dari plasma semen setuntas mungkin, sehingga diperoleh spermatozoa yang memiliki fungsi baik untuk keperluan artificial insemination husband (AIH) maupun in vitro fertilization (IVF). Prosedur pemisahan spermatozoa ini, antara lain metoda penyaringan dengan glass wool, kolom albumin, metoda swim-up dan metoda sentrifugasi gradien percoll. Adapun metoda yang sering digunakan untuk keperluan AIH maupun IVF pada pasangan ingin anak adalah metoda swim-up dan metoda sentrifugasi gradien percoll.Metoda swim-up telah terbukti efektif dalam memisahkan spermatozoa dengan kualitas tinggi pada semen normozoospermia dan oligozoospermia dalam hal motilitas dan morfologi spermatozoa. Namun, metoda swim-up menjadi pilihan mengingat bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk metoda swim-up relatif lebih murah dan mudah diperoleh.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan metoda swim up dengan metoda sentrifugasi gradien percoll dua lapis dalam menghasilkan spermatozoa dengan kualitas fungsi yang baik untuk keperluan pengembangan pelayanan penanggulangan masalah infertilitas."

"ABSTRAKBlood lipid is one of the factors which might cause atheroschlerosis especially if hyperlipidemia occurs (blood total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl and triglyceride a 150 mg/di). Consumption of foods with !ow lipid content can prevent hyperlipidemia. Soybeans and products made from them, such as soybean tempe, were reported to have a hypolipidemic effect. Those foods can decrease the human blood cholesterol and trigyceride level.Ergosterol is a sterol in cell membranes of microorganism, especially fungi and was found in the hyphae and spores of fungi. Ergosterol in Rhizopus spp. has not yet been studied, while Rhizopus moulds are used in the fermentation of soybean cotyledons into soybean tempe, a product which is widely consumed by all strata of the Indonesian community. The University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) has a number of Rhizopus species, which are most isolated from Indonesian soybean tempe. Morphologically two groups of Rhizopus moulds can be distinguished according to length of hyphae, measurements of the sporangiospores, and growth temperatures. The groups are macro-Rhizopus and micro-Rhizopus.This thesis consists of two parts. Part i is on the ergosterol content of the dry biomass of each UICC Rhizopus strain and in the soybean tempe. In Part II is studies the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats The studies were carried out at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Laboratory of Plant and Animal Reproduction Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Indonesia; at the Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Technologies, of The Ministry of Health; Jakarta Ill College; and also Laboratory of Chemical Analysis LIPI Bandung, on June 2006 - April 2007.The aim of this study was to analyse the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of Rhizopus and in the soybean tempe obtained. Five UICC Rhizopus strain respectively UICC 52 (Rh. arrhizus), UICC 128 (Rh. oryzae), UICC 531 (Rh. microsporus var. microsporus), UICC 550 (Rh. microsporus var. oligosporus), and UICC 551 (Rh. microporus var. oligosporus); and to know the potency of ergosterol to decrease the blood lipid level in rats which were fed with the respective biomass of the five Rhizopus spp. and compared with the rats fed with the soybean tempe using the five mentioned Rhizopus spp. as inoculum the respective fermentation processes. The rats (Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar) were obtained from the Laboratory of Animal Drug Testing, Gunung Sindur, Bogor. The rats were males and 2 - 3 months old. Analysis of the ergosterol content was carried out using HPLC. The Diagnostic Liquicolour Cholesteroloxidase 4-aminophenazone (CHOD-PAP) method was used for the measurement of blood total cholesterol level, and Gliserophosphoxidase Paraaminophenazone (GPO-PAP) for measurement of triglyceride level of the rats. Soybean tempe was prepared using an inoculum of each Rhizopus strain, and then powdered. The rats were given palm oil orally during 7 days to boost up the blood lipid level. Then they were fed with the fungal biomass or with the soybean tempe powder.The results obtained were : the ergosterol content in the dry biomass of the five UICC Rhizopus spp. studied varied between (278,8 - 673,17) mg/g, while in the soybean tempe (3,3 - 8,1) mg/g. Both were able to decrease the blood lipid level in rats. However, soybean tempe gave a higher decrease (58 %) in comparison with the results of the dry biomass of the Rhizopus spp. (51.6 %)."

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum.This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation.Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Fiigari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The Ml plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed.The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the Ml generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400-500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800-1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200-300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants."

"Ayam ketawa atau yang dikenal dengan nama manu gaga merupakan salah satu jenis ayam hias yang berasal dari Sidrap (Sidenreng - Rappang), Sulawesi Selatan. Tujuandari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat kekerabatan ayam ketawa tipe dangdut dan slow berdasarkan morfometrik pita suara dan analisis gen IGF-1. Penelitian dilakukan diPinrang, Sulawesi Selatan sebagai tempat galur murni ayam gaga, terdiri dari lima daerah yaitu Kanie, Bullo, Macege, Rappang, dan Sidenreng. Sampel terdiri atas sepuluh ekor ayam ketawa tipe dangdut dan sepuluh ekor tipe slow. Data morfometrik pita suara dicatat dan dianalisis secara statistik. Analisis gen IGF-1 dilakukan isolasidari darah. Korelasi antara data morfometrik organ pita suara dan variasi ayam ketawa tipe dangdut dan slow dilakukan menggunakan SPSS (versi 22) sedangkan analisis gen IGF-1 menggunakan metode Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) dan High-resolution Melting (HRM). Untuk analisis morfometrik, nilai signifikansi () yang ditetapkan adalah 0,01. Berdasarkan Tabel Tests of Equality of Group Means, nilai Sig. untuk variabel syrinx adalah 0,016 > 0,010. Artinya, panjang syrinx tidak dapat menjelaskan perbedaan tipe ayam. Sedangkan untuk variabel trakea, otot trakea kanan, dan otot trakea kiri, nilai Sig. kurang dari 0,010. Artinya, masing-masing variabel tersebut dapat menjelaskan perbedaan tipe ayam. Sedangkan analisis molekuler menunjukkan bahwa target DNA gen IGF-1 berada pada posisi (632 bp), sedangkan hasil analisis polimorfisme menggunakan PCR-RFLP dan HRM diperoleh hasil bahwaayam ketawa tipe dangdut dan slow merupakan homozigot. Hasil konfirmasi dengan menggunakan sekuensing diketahuai bahwa ayam ketawa tipe dangdut dan slow memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat.

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Gaga chicken, well-known as manu gaga is one type of ornamental chicken

originating from Sidrap (Sidenreng - Rappang), South Sulawesi. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of dangdut and slow type gaga chicken based on morphometric vocal cords and IGF-1 gene analysis. The study was conducted in

Pinrang, South Sulawesi as a pure strain of chicken gaga, consisting of five regions,

namely Kanie, Bullo, Macege, Rappang and Sidenreng. The sample consisted of ten

dangdut-type and ten slow-type. Morphometric data on vocal cords were recorded and analyzed statistically, while IGF-1 gene analysis was isolated from blood. The correlation between morphometric data of vocal cords and variations of dangdut and slow type of gaga chicken was done using SPSS (version 22) while IGF-1 gene analysis used Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and High-resolution Melting(HRM) methods. For morphometric analysis, the significance value (α) set is 0.01. Based on the Tests of Equality of Group Means Table, the Sig. for the syrinx variable is 0.016> 0.010. That is, the length of the syrinx cannot explain the difference in the type of chicken. As for the trachea, right tracheal muscle, and left tracheal muscle, the Sig.

less than 0.010. That is, each of these variables can explain the different types of chickens. While molecular analysis shows that the IGF-1 genes DNA target is in

position (632bp), while the results of the polymorphism analysis use PCR-RFLP and

HRM obtained results that the gaga chicken type of dangdut and slow is homozygous.

Confirmation results using sequenshing are known that the laughing type of dangdut

and slow has a close relationship."

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Higari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The M1 plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the M1 generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400?500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800?1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200?300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

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"Kriopreservasi sperma ikan kerapu kertang Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) merupakan suatu teknik untuk membantu mengatasi masalah pemijahan yang tidak sinkron antara induk ikan kerapu kertang. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrat kurma dan gliserol sebagai krioprotektan. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian konsentrat kurma dan gliserol terhadap kualitas sperma yaitu motilitas, viabilitas, dan abnormalitas 48 jam pascakriopreservasi serta kemampuan fertilisasinya dengan ikan kerapu macan Epinephelus fuscogutatus (Forskal, 1775). Konsentrat kurma yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan berbagai konsentrasi, yaitu 0%; 5%; 10%; 15%; 20%; dan 25%. Rasio antara sperma dengan larutan pengencer yang digunakan yaitu 1:9. Ekstender yang digunakan yaitu larutan marine fish Ringer. Kualitas sperma segar terlebih dahulu dievaluasi secara makroskopis (volume, pH, warna, dan bau) dan secara mikroskopis (motilitas, viabilitas, dan abnormalitas) untuk menguji kelayakan sperma yang akan dikriopreservai dan kemampuan fertilitasnya dengan menghitung persentase fertilisasi. Kriopreservasi dilakukan pada freezer dengan suhu -20⁰C selama 48 jam. Spermatozoa hasil kriopreservasi digunakan untuk membuahi sel telur ikan kerapu macan. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik ANOVA satu arah dilanjutkan dengan Uji Tukey, diketahui bahwa kombinasi konsentrat kurma dengan berbagai konsentrasi dan gliserol memiliki nilai rata-rata yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap motilitas dan abnormalitas sperma pascakriopreservasi (P<0,05), akan tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap viabilitasnya. Meskipun demikian hasil fertilisasinya dengan ikan kerapu macan menunjukkan hasil yang berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05). Hasil terbaik ditunjukkan pada konsentrasi konsentrat kurma 10% dengan nilai persentase 76,70 ± 1,54% pada motilitas sperma, nilai persentase viabilitas yaitu 77,67 ± 5,78%, serta nilai kemampuan fertilisasi yaitu 66,25 ± 3,23%, dengan nilai persentase rata-rata abnormalitas 21,53 ± 0,84%.

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Cryopreservation of giant grouper sperm Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) is a technique to overcome the problem of unsynchronized spawning of grouper. Glycerol and palm dates were used as a cryoprotectant. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of palm date concentrate and glycerol on motility, viability, and abnormality 48 hours postcryopreservation and the ability of fertilization using giant grouper sperm postcryopreservation with tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscogutatus ). The palm date concentrations used in this study were 0%; 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The ratio between sperm and diluent solution was 1:9. The extender used in this study is a marine fish Ringer solution. Fresh sperm were evaluated macroscopically (volume, pH, color, and odor) and microscopically (motility, viability, and abnormality) to test the sperm feasibility for cryopreservation and fertility ability by calculating the percentage of fertilization. Sperm was stored in a freezer -20⁰C for 48 hours. Spermatozoa postcryopreservation were used to fertilize tiger grouper eggs. Based on the results of statistical tests of one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey Test, it was shown that palm date concentrate with various concentrations had an average value that significantly affected motility sperm and abnormality after cryopreservation (P<0.05), but had no significant effect (P>0.05) to viability. However, the results of fertilization with tiger grouper showed a significant effect (P<0.05). The best results were shown in the concentration of 10% palm date concentrate with a percentage value of 76.70 ± 1.54% in motility sperm, the value of the viability percentage is 77.67 ± 5.78%, and the value of fertilization ability is 66.25 ± 3.23%, with an average percentage value of abnormality is 21.53 ± 0.84%."

"ABSTRAK Anadara granosa dan Cerithidea obtusa merupakan sumber makanan yang penting bagi masyarakat di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi. Anadara granosa dan Cerithidea obtusa yang memiliki habitat di kawsan hutan mangrove, dapat menyebabkan organisme tersebut sangat rentan terkontaminasi berbagai bahan pencemar. Salah satu bahan yang dapat mencemari ekosistem mangrove yaitu mikroplastik. Fungsi hutan mangrove sebagai filter biologis alami marine debris yang berasal dari darat dan laut, dapat menyebabkan mikroplastik melimpah di kawasan hutan mangrove. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel kerang Anadara granosa, keong Cerithidea obtusa, sedimen dan air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 100% sampel mengandung mikroplastik. Jenis mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada sampel adalah fiber, film dan fragmen. Fiber adalah jenis mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada sampel kerang dan air. Pada sampel kerang, fiber ditemukan sebanyak 180,6 ± 21,22 partikel/individu dan 4,1 ± 0,43 partikel/g kerang. Fiber ditemukan pada sampel air sebanyak 128,3 ± 0,15 partikel/L. Sungai di indikasikan sebagai sumber mikroplastik menuju laut. Stasiun 1 pengambilan sampel yang berada di dekat muara sungai memiliki konsentrasi mikroplastik yang lebih tinggi dengan jumlah 448,3 ± 53,92 mikroplastik/individu, dibandingkan dengan stasiun 3 yang hanya 420,3 ± 42,66 mikroplastik/individu. Berdasarkan uji korelasi, jumlah mikroplastik pada Anadara granosa berkorelasi dengan massa kerang. Korelasi juga ditunjukkan antara jumlah mikroplastik pada air dan kerang, serta mikroplastik pada sedimen dan kerang secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian pada keong Cerithidea obtusa ditemukan mikroplastik sebanyak 167 ± 16,01 partikel/individu. Film merupakan jenis mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada keong sebanyak 5,4 ± 0,69 partikel/g keong. Film juga merupakan jenis mikroplastik yang paling banyak ditemukan pada sedimen yaitu 3,7 ± 0,28 partikel/g. Berdasarkan stasiun pengambilan sampel, stasiun 1 memiliki jumlah mikroplastik tertinggi 190 ± 37,74 partikel/stasiun. Hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa massa Cerithidae obtusa berkorelasi terhadap jumlah mikroplastik yang mencemarinya. Korelasi juga ditunjukkan antara mikroplastik jenis film pada sedimen terhadap mikroplastik jenis film pada keong.

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ABSTRACT

Anadara granosa and Cerithidea obtusa are important food sources for people in the West Tanjung Jabung District, Jambi. Anadara granosa and Cerithidea obtusa which have habitat in the mangrove forest area, can cause these organisms to be very susceptible to contamination with various pollutants. One ingredient that can pollute mangrove ecosystems is microplastic. The function of mangrove forests as a biological filter for marine debris that originates from land and sea can cause microplastic abundance in the mangrove forest area. This study used samples of Anadara granosa mussels, Cerithidea obtusa snails, sediment and water. The results showed that 100% of the samples contained microplastic. The types of microplastic found in the sample are fiber, film and fragments. Fiber is the type of microplastic that is most commonly found in mussels and water samples. In the mussels sample, fiber was found as much as 180.6 ± 21.22 particles/individual and 4.1 ± 0.43 particles/g mussel. Fiber is found in water samples of 128,3 ± 0.15 particles/L. The river is indicated as a microplastic source to the sea. Station 1 sampling near the river mouth has a higher microplastic concentration with 448.3 ± 53.92 microplastic/indiviual, compared with station 3 which is only 420.3 ± 42.66 microplastic/individual. Based on the correlation test, the number of microplastic in Anadara granosa correlated with the mass of mussel. Correlation is also shown between the number of microplastic in water and mussel, as well as microplastic in sediments and mussels as a whole. The results of the study on the Cerithidea obtusa snail were found microplastic as much as 167 ± 16.01 particles/individual. The film is a type of microplastic which is most commonly found in snails as much as 5.4 ± 0.69 particles/g snail. Film is also the most common type of microplastic found in sediments, namely 3.7 ± 0.28 particles/g. Based on the sampling station, station 1 had the highest microplastic number of 190 ± 37.74 particles/station. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the mass of the Cerithidea obtusa correlated with the number of microplastic contaminants. Correlation was also shown between microplastic types of films in sediments to microplastic types of films in snails."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui variasi bunga Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. bentuk crested di alam, serta hubungannya dengan ekspresi gen MADS-box. Sebanyak 200 sampel bunga crested diamati secara morfologi melalui pengukuran panjang staminal column, perhitungan perhiasan bunga, dan pengamatan visual permukaan luar ovarium. Sebanyak 137 sampel bunga crested diamati secara anatomi melalui pengamatan visual struktur internal ovarium. Hasil pengamatan morfologi dan anatomi menunjukkan tingginya variasi bunga H. rosa-sinensis bentuk crested. Salah satu karakter yang menentukan tingginya variasi bunga crested di alam adalah keberadaan petal tambahan yang diduga tumbuh di lokasi keberadaan stamen dan petal akibat gejala homeosis. Homeosis pada bunga crested diduga karena tidak terekspresikannya gen C yang merupakan salah satu kelas dari gen MADS-box. Untuk membuktikan dugaan tersebut, dilakukan pengamatan molekular melalui analisis gen MADS-box yang berperan dalam proses pembungaan. Dari kelima kelas gen MADS-box yang diamati, hanya gen C yang berhasil diamplifikasi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa gen C terekspresi di semua bagian bunga crested. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, homeosis pada bunga crested bukan disebabkan karena tidak terekpresikannya gen C. Dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui tingkat ekspresi tiap kelas gen MADS-box terhadap variasi bunga crested di alam.

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The aim of this study is to know the variation of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. crested flower in nature, and to know its correlation against MADS-box gene expression. The study was conducted through morphological, anatomical, and molecular observation. Morphological sections were carried out on 200 samples of flowers by measuring the length of staminal column, counting the number of perianthium, and observing the external structure of ovaries. Anatomical sections were carried out on 137 samples of flowers by observing the internal structure of ovaries. The results showed that H. rosa-sinensis crested flower has a high variety in the shape of flower. Two main parts of crested flower that effecting its variety in nature are staminodium petaloid and stamen-petal intermediate that lied in the position of stamen and petal. This phenomenon is assumed as homeotic due to the absence of C gene expression that belong to MADS-box gene family. Based on molecular observation, AGAMOUS gene (MADS-box class C) expressed in all of crested flower parts, including staminodium petaloid and stamen-petal intermediate. This results is on contradiction with the assumption that homeosis in H. rosa-sinensis caused by the absence of gene C. Further research is needed to know the expression of others MADS-box class genes expression, including their level of expression in each parts of crested flower."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh pengayaan olfaktori terhadap perilaku adaptif populasi harimau sumatra di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR).  Pengayaan olfaktori yang diberikan berupa feses babi hutan (Sus scrofa) dan rusa sambar (Rusa unicolor).  Pengamatan berlangsung selama tujuh pekan efektif dengan komposisi tiga pekan pengamatan awal, dua pekan pengayaan, dan dua pekan pascapengayaan.  Pengambilan data seluruhnya menggunakan ethogram digital sebagai upaya peningkatan efisiensi penelitian.  Data utama berupa jenis, durasi, dan frekuensi perilaku untuk penghitungan time budget.  Data tambahan berupa pola interaksi dan penggunaan ruang digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam analisis.  Peningkatkan efisiensi pengambilan data tercapai melalui sistem pencatat otomatis untuk perilaku, waktu, posisi, dan objek interaksi.  Analisis statistika menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan pada persentase perilaku adaptif antara periode pengamatan awal (9,772 ± 1,920%) dan periode pengayaan (1,128 ± 0,289%).  Penurunan persentase perilaku adaptif diikuti oleh peningkatan perilaku eksplorasi positif.  Eksplorasi positif ditandai dengan perilaku interaksi dan lokomosi.  Peningkatan perilaku lokomosi bertahan hingga pemberian pengayaan dihentikan.  Perubahan level perilaku timbul karena adanya fluktuasi pada stimulus dalam kandang.  Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan ethogram digital mampu mempermudah proses observasi perilaku langsung.  Kesimpulan lain yang dapat ditarik dari penelitian ini yaitu pemberian pengayaan olfaktori dapat mengurangi prevalensi kemunculan perilaku adaptif harimau sumatra di TMR.

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This research observed the effects of olfactory enrichments on the adaptive behavior of captive Sumatran tigers at Ragunan Zoological Park.  Olfactory enrichment was given in form of fresh prey feces obtained from Ragunan herbivore enclosures.  Observation ran for seven weeks with three weeks of baseline observation, two weeks of enrichment, and two weeks of post-enrichment observation.  The data collection process was entirely done through digital ethogram as an effort to optimize the research.  Core data consisted of behavior type, duration, and frequency.  Additional data included spatial mapping and interactions between tigers and objects.  Efficiency of data collection process was successfully improved through automatic recording of time, behavior, tiger position in the enclosure, and interaction targets.  Statistical analysis of time budget revealed significant differences between the prevalence of adaptive behavior pre-enrichment (9.8 ± 1.92%) and during enrichment (1.1 ± 0.29%).  Lowered levels of adaptive behavior is followed by an increase in positive exploratory behavior.  Positive exploratory behavior consists of behaviors from Interaction and Locomotion categories.  The increase in locomotion is observed even after enrichment ceased to be given.  Changes in behavior resulted from fluctuation of stimulus that the tigers were exposed to within the enclosure.  It can be concluded that digital ethogram increases the efficiency of data recording in direct observation and that olfactory enrichment influences the prevalence of Sumatran tiger adaptive behavior at Ragunan Zoological Park.

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"ABSTRAK Tingginya permintaan jalak putih (Acridotheres melanopterus) di pasaran tidak diiringi dengan populasi yang melimpah di alam. Jalak putih pada saat ini sudah sulit ditemukan di alam liar dengan status Critically Endangered atau kritis (IUCN). Oleh karena itu manusia mulai melakukan penangkaran terhadap burung ini untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pasar ataupun sebagai usaha pelestarian. Banyaknya penangkaran yang bermunculan tidak dibarengi dengan cukupnya pengetahuan penangkar mengenai jalak putih. Kenyataan bahwa jalak putih terbagi kedalam tiga spesies tidak banyak diketahui oleh penangkar dalam mengawinkan jalak putih. Hal ini mengakibatkan banyaknya perkawinan silang baik sengaja ataupun tidak disengaja antar spesies jalak putih di penangkaran. Fenomena hibridisasi yang terjadi di penangkaran dapat menuntun jalak putih menuju kepunahan dikarenakan spesies murni perlahan hilang. Jalak Putih hibrida secara langsung dapat diketahui dari ciri-ciri morfologinya yang berbeda dengan spesies murni jalak putih. Secara morfologi, pengamatan langsung dapat dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi ciri-ciri jalak putih hibrida. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ciri utama yang membedakan jalak putih hibrida dengan murni terdapat pada bagian bulu punggung. Jalak putih hibrida memiliki bulu abu-abu di bagian punggung sedangkan jalak putih murni berwarna putih bersih. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa manajemen penangkaran jalak putih di Indonesia masih banyak didasarkan pada pengalaman. Belum ada penelitian yang secara khusus meneliti fenomena hibridisasi pada jalak putih sehingga hasil penelitian ini juga sangat penting untuk menghasilkan dasar-dasar pengetahuan mengenai jalak putih hibrida yang akan sangat bermanfaat bagi usaha pelestarian burung ini di masa depan.

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ABSTRACT

The high demand for black-winged myna (Acridotheres melanopterus) on the market is not accompanied by an abundant population in the nature. Black-winged myna is now difficult to find in the wild with critical endangered or critical (IUCN) status, therefore humans began to capture these birds for the market needs or as a conservation programs. The number of captive breeding is not accompanied by sufficient knowledge of the breeders about the black-winged myna. The fact that black-winged mynas are divided into three species is not known by many breeders in mating the black-winged myna. This is making the risk of cross-breeding or hibridization higher whether intentionally or not between the species of black-winged myna in captivity. The hybridization phenomenon that occurs in captivity can lead the black-winged myna to extinction after the pure species are replaced by the hybrids. Hybrid black-winged myna can be identified directly from the different morphological characteristics compared to pure white starlings. Morphologically, direct observations can be made to identify the characteristics of hybrid black-winged myna. The results of the study show that the main features that belongs to the hybrids is can be found on the back feathers. Hybrid black-winged myna is having gray feather on the back while pure white starlings are pure white. The results also show that the management of black-winged myna captive breeding in Indonesia is still have a lot of tings to be fixed. There are no studies specifically for the hybridization phenomenon in the black-winged myna. The results of this study are also very important as a base to produce the basics management and information that will be very helpful for the conservation program of the birds in the future."