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"ABSTRACTOne of the influential factors in the prevention of the destruction and decline of biodiversity is human resources. There is an opinion that human beings or human resources are highly influenced by its level of education. In order to improve any efforts for biodiversity to survive, human responsibility and awareness are needed, especially in rehabilitation of nature source and quality of society education, starting from basic level, in order to strengthen the idea if both responsibility and awareness. The knowledge of nature has appeared through basic and higher levels education. However, it falls to present very basic information for student to understand the link of nature and the survival of the national. Mean while teachers unsuccessfully teach students to comprehend what are being taught, especially to apply the materials. It becomes worst when less attention for students to train them selves are given. As a consequence, students are not capable to operate any function of natural resources in everyday life. Students are mostly taught such cognitive knowledge rather than any significant applications. This results in the student being unable to fully comprehend the importance of conserving biodiversity properly. The Research is purpose to know : 1. The student?s perception and comprehension on the idea of biodiversity conservation. All students are rounded from basic level around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, West Java. 2. The student?s perception and comprehension on the idea of biodiversity conversation. All students are rounded from basic level around West Java Area. The Research obtained are expected to be able to answer such as the following questions: 1. Are there any differences on the students perception of biodiversity conservation between the students from big city and Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Area. 2. Are there any differences on students comprehension of biodiversity conservation between students from big city and Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Area. 3. Are there materials of biodiversity conservation integrated on the curriculum of basic level of education, and how to perform it. The Mount Halimun National Park which is situated about 100 km distance from West Jakarta is surprisingly more familiar to the Junior High School students of West Jakarta than to those who live within a radius of less than 25 kilometers from the Park. Indeed, students, students from both area responses similarly that conservation is very importance. They also have similar perception on how to cover any problems. They face on their studies on the conservation. The Research moreover find that students difference on understanding the terms dealing with conservation. The number of the student who agree and disagree in naming the animal to be protected. Analyzed results of test which have been carried out are able to indicate the effectively of the teaching process. If furthermore shows that students of SLTP around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun from the sample taken have the score average of 13,534 among them are only 45,1% capable to answers questions about conservation, on the contrary of 21,5% score average and 71,5% of the students around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun who answered correctly. So there is a significant difference between the two areas. The Role of the Biology teachers are quite influential on the views of the students regarding biodiversity, In general, the SLTP teachers of the school around Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun are mostly non native of the area. They have limited knowledge about the Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun, and its surroundings. Keeping in mind the importance of biodiversity as a renewable natural resources which can be utilized as an asset to continuous national development, an efforts has been made during the 1994 GBPP to include the topic of biodiversity in the curriculum. This decision was made as a follow up to the biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia. Which has preceded by the United Nations Conservation on biodiversity. In which it is stated that biodiversity is a topic to be taught at schools in section 13 of the 1994 law No.5."

"Banteng (Bos javanicus d?Alton) is naturally distributed throughout Asia. In Indonesia this species can be found in Jawa, Bali, and Kalimantan. The current population is small, making it categorized as an endangered species. Protection measures have been implemented in such national parks as in West Bali, Ujung Kulon, Baluran, and Alas Purwo. Scientifically, this species is a genetic resource potential for further domestication purposes. In fact this species has been traditionally utilized as a cross-breeder for Bali Cattle which originated from Bos sondaicus. Banteng is typically a crespuscular species, but due to disturbances it sometimes becomes nocturnal. The species generally live in groups of 5 to 15 individuals, with only 2 to 3 steers in a group, although groups with only one steer is not unusual. The groups spend most ,of their time grazing in a pasture. Alas Purwo is a national park located in Sothern Banyuwangi, East Jawa, and initially gazetted as an area for animal protection. The total area of this national park is about 43420 hectares, but the Banteng is usually found grazing in Sadengan a pasture area with a size of about 20 hectares. This thesis consists of two papers, i.e.,Daily behaviour of banteng, and Habitat selection for feeding. Samples of banteng have been taken directly, using the concentrated method, whereas the grass samples have been taken by using quadrates of 100 x 100 cm2, totalling 100 plots. Observations have been carried out in two locations, i.e., location I: around the tower, and location II: nearby and adjacent to the mountaineous area. The studies have been conducted from January 1996 to June 1996. The paper entitled Daily behaviour of bantengs concluded that (1). The environment significantly affected the daily behaviour of the cows.(2). Frequency of cows in pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo broken as if indicator of disturbance. It is recommended that to increase grazing intensity of cows, habitat management should be maintained properly, particularly monitoring of wild dogs. The paper entitled Habitat selection for feeding, concluded : (1). Potential of grasses in pastures of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park was very low, (2)Location of grazing areas was concentrated in one location, and was related to the biomass of grasses as their food resource. It is recommended that (1). Pasture areas of Sadengan in Alas Purwo National Park should be properly maintained, and (2). Grasses of Hyptis brevipes Porr. and Cassia Lora L. should be cut prior to flowering."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini di lakukan di Pusat Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara dari bulan November 1988 hingga Oktober 1991 dan dilanjutkan lagi bulan Januari-Februari 1993 dan bulan Juni-Juli 1993. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana hirarki pada orangutan jantan dewasa serta pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku betina dewasa dan mengetahui bagaimana tanggapan orangutan jantan dan betina dewasa setelah mendengar suara seruan panjang dari jantan dewasa lain. Orangutan yang diamati terdiri dari 6 ekor jantan dewasa dan 5 ekor betina dewasa. Pencatatan data secara focal animal instantaneous per menit dan ad libitum. Hirarki dan peringkat ditentukan berdasarkan kalah dan menang setelah terjadi pengejaran dan perkelahian. Perilaku betina yang diamati adalah: inisiatif betina mendekati jantan; jumlah betina di sekitar jantan dan lamanya betina bersama jantan. Data seruan panjang yang diamati adalah laju seruan panjang orangutan jantan dewasa dan tanggapan orangutan terhadap seruan panjang berupa arah pergerakan individu setelah 30 menit mendengar seruan panjang. Hasil menyimpulkan ada hirarki dominansi non-linier di antara jantan dewasa dan hanya ada satu jantan dewasa dominan dengan peringkat paling atas. Orangutan betina dewasa: lebih berinisiatif mendekati; lebih banyak di sekitar; dan lebih lama menggunakan waktunya bersama orangutan jantan dewasa peringkat atas. Orangutan jantan dewasa peringkat atas lebih sering mengeluarkan seruan panjang. Orangutan jantan dewasa pada umumnya menjauhi sumber seruan panjang sedangkan orangutan betina dewasa akan mendekati sumber seruan panjang."

"PendahuluanPemerintah Republik Indonesia dalam menanggulangi tekanan penduduk telah menempatkan Program Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana (KB) sebagai Program Nasional. Menurut laporan BKKBN bahwa pada tahun 1988 di Indonesia terdapat 26.995.469 pasangan usia subur, pasangan yang mampu atau mudah memberikan keturunan. Dari jumlah itu hanya 17.763.019 pasangan yang pernah menggunakan kontrasepsi dan ternyata di antara mereka sebagian besar adalah kaum wanita, sehingga para istrilah yang sebenarnya lebih aktif berperan sebagai akseptor KB sedang di pihak suami hanya 6% yang bersedia menggunakan kontrasepsi. Meskipun program KB dinilai cukup berhasil, tetapi dari kesinambungan dan kelancaran program tersebut diperlukan partisipasi aktif kaum pria. Perkembangan kontrasepsi pria jauh tertinggal dibandingkan dengan kontrasepsi wanita. Hal ini disebabkan sulitnya mengendalikan proses spermatogenesis jika. dibandingkan dengan proses ovulasi. Baru pada akhir-akhir ini para peneliti baik dalam maupun luar negeri mulai tertarik kembali pada alat atau bahan kontrasepsi pria. Di Indonesia penelitian sistematik tentang KB pria masih belum banyak dilakukan (1). Berbagai usaha telah dan terus dilakukan oleh para ahli dalam bidang andrologi, untuk memperoleh bahan kontrasepsi pria yang benar-benar ideal. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan kontrasepsi ideal harus memenuhi persyaratan mudah digunakan, murah, dapat diterima oleh masyarakat, tidak toksik, tidak menimbulkan efek sampingan, efektif dan bersifat reversibel (2). Sampai saat ini bahan atau alat kontrasepsi pria masih sangat terbatas yaitu kondom dan vasektomi. Terdapat petunjuk bahwa cara vasektomi bersifat ireversibel. Sedangkan kelemahan utama dalam penggunaan kondom adalah efek psikis karena berkurangnya daya sensitivitas. Usaha untuk menemukan alat atau bahan kontrasepsi pria telah dilakukan oleh negara maju, antara lain dengan memanfaatkan bahan alami, tetapi hasilnya belum memuaskan sehingga penerapannya sebagai kontrasepsi pria masih diragukan. Oleh karena itu eksplorasi dan penelitian bahan kontrasepsi yang berasal dari tanaman masih merupakan prioritas. Selain itu bahan obat-obatan termasuk kontrasepsi yang berasal dari tanaman mempunyai keuntungan antara lain toksisitasnya rendah, mudah diperoleh, murah harganya dan kurang menimbulkan efek samping (1). Dari hasil skrining aktivitas spermisida 1.600 ekstrak tanaman yang tumbuh di India, ternyata 30 ekstrak tanaman mempunyai efek spermisida pada tikus dan 16 ekstrak tanaman menyebabkan "immotilitas spermatozoa" manusia (3). Buah pare yang merupakan bagian dari tanaman pare (Momordica charantia L) dilaporkan mempunyai khasiat kontrasepsi, karena mengandung momordikosida golongan glukosida triterpen atau kukurbitasin (4). Bahan ini bersifat sitotoksik dan dapat menghambat spermatogenesis anjing (5). Disamping itu terdapat indikasi bahwa ekstrak buah pare yang diberikan pada tikus secara oral, dapat menyebabkan penurunan jumlah dan kualitas spermatozoa (6). TeIah diketahui ada 12 jenis glukosida triterpen terkandung dalam tanaman pare, masing-masing dikenal dengan nama momordikosida A sampai L. Momordikosida utama yang terdapat dalam buah pare adalah jenis K dan L .(7), dan diduga momordikosida jenis inilah yang bersifat sitotoksilc atau sitostatik (8). Terdapat bukti bahwa glukosida triterpen bersifat anti pertumbuhan, terutama menghambat perkecambahan biji kapas, menghambat pertumbuhan sel-sel tumor dan menghambat perkembangan fetus tikus (8). Dengan demikian kukurbitasin merupakan zat anti proliferasi dan anti. diferensiasi sel yang sangat poten (4,7,8). Mengingat. spermatozoa merupakan sel haploid yang berasal dari perkembangan dan diferensiasi sel-sel induk germinal di dalam testis, maka timbul permasalahan yang menarik yaitu apakah ekstrak buah pare yang diberikan pada mencit jantan akan menghambat spermatogenesis dan sekaligus bersifat anti-fertilitas. Jika hal itu benar, apakah efek anti-fertilitas tersebut bersifat .reversibel. Masalah ini menjadi lebih menarik untuk diselidiki karena buah pare disukai banyak orang di Indonesia sebagai lauk dan mudah diperoleh? "

"Jagakarsa is one of "the water catchment areas" in Jakarta that has green open space. The elements and design of the green open space are very important to be studied, in relation to the occurrence of the wild animal particularly birds in this area. The tittle of this study is "A study on biodiversity of green open space in Jagakarsa water catchment area". The report was divided into two sub tittles: "Vegetation structure and composition at the green open space of water catchment area in Jagakarsa", and "Bird inventory at the green open space of water catchment area in Jagakarsa". The objectives of this study are to examine the structure and composition of the vegetation related to the occurrence of birds in the green open space.The study was conducted from July to December 1999 by compiling both primary and secondary data. The study area was divided into four categories; home garden, green belt along the river, cemetery area (modern and traditional), and urban forests.The highest diversity of vegetation was found in home garden, which was consisted of fruits, and plants used as house fence. Over half of plantin species at home garden are ornamental plant. Beside that, heterogeneity plants at home garden showed higher than the other green open space in Jagakarsa, Also, home garden was managed better than the other green open space in Jagakarsa.Generally, people around the river use green belt along the river as fruit garden. Plant species diversity in those belt are lower than home garden and less managed by people. However, at the green belt along Krukut river was found the regenerated of plants. The vegetation neither ornamental nor valuable cemetery plants with urban cemetery concept was dominated by ornamental plants with high esthetical value, which has maximum height less than one meter. In the traditional cemetery, Ptumeria alba, Codeaeum variegatum, Dracaena fragrans were found dominantly planted with irregularity in patterns.There were 28 species of 18 families of birds found in this study. The highest number of species {15 species) was found at the green belt along Ciliwung River, and surrounding of Situ Babakan (14 species). Water birds were found at Ciliwung River, Kali Krukut, and Situ Babakan. Birds that living in high grasses and shrubs also found at these areas. Most of the birds found in the area are insectivore (42,86%).Vegetation is very important for bird, not only as food resources but also as a resting, sleeping, and nesting place. Fruits and flowers as food resources of insect related to the occurrence of birds were discussed in this paper.iv Habitat degadration and bird hunting are threats for the birds. Therefore, community awareness, selection of plant species, and design of vegetation pattern that fulfil the needs of bird are very important for bird conservation in urban city."

"ABSTRACTThis thesis divided into two kind of analysis which it a result of the Etnobotanical study at Rejang-Lebong Bengkulu Province. The Rejang?s traditional knowledge of medicinal plant. There are 275 species of plant are known and used as medicinal plant to cure 18 various of diseases. It 's about 70% plant are an edible and weeds. The knowledge of biodiversity of plants and it usefulness passed on from the old generation to the next. The history describes that colonialism opened the Rejang's by assimilation and acculturation of culture. The system of traditional knowledge construction based on interpretation of the experience, ideas and concept of beliefes. The study found some species are endangered. Ex-situ conservation such as documentation as one of prime strategy for conserving traditional knowledge is the basic information to alternative medicine for the future. "

"Terdapat perbedaan kualitas sperma pada berbagai fraksi setelah pemisahan menggunakan empat macam densitas percoll (1,1O; 1,11; 1,12 dan 1,13 3/ml), dimana makin tinggi densitas percoll makin banyak jumlah sperma motil dan sperma yang morfologinya normal. Kualitas sperma paling baik diperoleh dari fraksi 4 (densitas 1,13 g/ml) dan fraksi 5 (endapan sperma). Namun demikian penurunan kualitas sperma pada fraksi 1 (densinas 1,10 g/ml), fraksi 2 (densitas 1,11 g/ml) dan fraksi 3 (densitas 1,13 g/ml) masih dalam batas-batas normal."

"ABSTRACTA study was done to investigate the number and function of T cells of underfive children in Kelurahan Kramat, Kecamatan Senen, Jakarta Pusat. Grouping of samples was done based on weight-for-age, into well nourished (normal) children as control, mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM. The number of each group was 15.The relative number of T cells in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were significantly reduced compared to the normal group (P <0.01 , See Figure 13). The relativenumber of blast-transformation of the severe PEM group compared with the mild-moderate PEB and the severe PEM with the normal group were not significantly different (P>0.05, See Figure 15). The total serum protein in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were not significantly different compared to the normal group (P> 0.05, See Figure 16). The protein intake in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were significantly reduced compared to the normal group (P<0.01, See Figure 17). The energy intake in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM were significantly reduced to the normal group (P<0.01, See Appendix 11).From the facts mentioned above it can be assumed strongly that: Lower protein intake in combination with lower energy intake in mild-moderate PEM and severe PEM are most probably very important factors that cause the reduction of T lymphocyte number in both moderate PEM as well as in severe PEM."

"Sugar is a very important carbon and energy source for human. Thelocal production of sugar in indonesia is not adequate and alternativesources should be found. Microorganisms (Bacillus amyfoiiquefaciens, B. Iicheniformis, B. cereus, B. circulans, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa, B. stearothermophilus, Pyrococcus woeseg P. furiosus, Clostndium thermosulfurogenes, C. thermohydrosulfuricum, Aspergillus awamorL A. nigen A. oryzae, A. saitoil Mucor rouxianus, Penicillium oxalicum, Rhizopus deleman Aerobacter aerogenes, and Streptomyces) are known as producer ot on-amylase, glucoamylase, and pullulanase enzymes through of starch fermentation which may be converted into a sugar compound. A preliminary study on endophytic bacteria proved their ability to grow on soluble starch, glutinous rice, and pullulan. Pullulanase convert pullulan to maltotriosa. This enzyme may work synergistically with on-amylase and with glucoamylase for a better conversion of starch to glucose. An endophytic bacteria lCMe3 obtained from the Research and Development Centre for Biotechnology LIP! at Cibinong, Bogor was examined on its ability to produce pullulanse _ For this purpose, soluble starch 1%, cassava starch 1%, and pullulan 1% (all wlv), were used as carbon and energy source in Bakshi medium (Bakshi etal., 1993). The concentration of the inoculum_was 1.25 x 10° cells/ml. Incubation was carried out at : 30°C (room temperature) and 37°C (Mapiliandari, 1999), at pH 7.0 (Bakshi et al., 1993) and pH 5.0 (Mapiliandari, 1999). The fermentation process was terminated after 24 - 26 hours. The growth of lCNle3 varied depending on carbon source, temperature, and pH. The best growth was found on pullulan at pH 7.0 and incubation temperature of of 30°C . However, when the pH of the medium was lowered to 5.0 (Mapiliandari, 1999) and the incubation temperature 30°C a higher cell number (79.5) x 108 cells/ml was obtained on pullclan as carbon source. The bacteri was grown on cassava starch medium and the pullulanase activity studied. The synergism of pullulanase with amylase and with glucoamylase to degrade cassava starch was also studied. To obtain the crude enzyme extract, the cell mass was centrifuged with a Sorval RC - 26 Plus centrifuge. The Hltrate was then concentrated with UHF, sedimented with (NH4)2SO4, and dialized with buffer Na-acetat (pH 4.8). Activity of the crude enzyme was examined on cassava starch and onpullulan. The unit activity of enzyme was 1.374 U/ml on cassava starch,1.290 U/ml on pullulan, and the protein content was 0.039 mglml. The activity of the crude enzyme, after treatment with UHF, was 2.225 U/ml for pullulan, 2.527 U/mt for cassava starch, and the protein content was 0.014 mg/ml. The activity of the crude enzyme obtained after sedimentation with 60% saturation of (NH4)2SO4, was 1.156 U/ml for pullulan, 1.162 U/mi for cassava starch, the protein content 0.579 mg/ml. After dialysed with buffer Na-acetate (pH 4.8) the activity was 6.25 U/ml for pullulan, 6.45 U/ml for cassava starch with the protein content of 2.997 mg/ml. To study the optimum pH and temperaturefor the enzyme production, the isolate iCMe3 was grown on Bakshi medium with various pHs, : 4.0, 4.5, 4.8, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and incubated at various temperatures 30°C, 40°C 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C. The optimum pH for enzyme sinthesis on puliulan was 5.0 (4.81 U/ml) and on cassava starch 4.8 (13.27 U/ml). The optimum temperature for enzyme synthesis on pullulan was 40°C (26416 U/ml) and on cassava starch 50°C (22.34 U/ml). The best synergism of pullulanase with on-amylase for both C sources was 25% (dilution of enzyme), while the synergism with glucoamylase was 100% for pulluian and 50% for cassava starch to convere the starch (pullulanand cassava starch) glucose."

"One of the most important factors in the formulation of effective breeding plans for improving the genetic quality of crops and livestock is a knowledge of the relative contribution made by genes to the variability of a trait under consideration. The variability of phenotypic values for quantitative trait can be partitioned into genetic and non genetic (environment) components.

The heritability is defined as a ratio of additive genetic variances to phenotypic variances. The most important function of the heritability is its predictive role. Heritability value is an expression of the reliability of the phenotypic value as a guide to breeding values.

The edible portion trait of giant freshwater prawn has a high heritability, since most of the phenotypic variability is due to genetic variations. Thus, genetic improvement can be made by selecting individuals with preferred phenotype because the offspring-parent correlation should be high. This is called mass selection or individual selection, but it is actually based on the individual's own performance record or phenotype.

The giant freshwater prawn population from Cimanuk (Tanjung Air, West Jawa), Cimandiri (Pelabuhan Ratu, West Jawa) and Walanae (Maros, South Sulawesi), obtained from natural habitat, were used in this study. The determination of heritability were conducted on several charater i.e. carapace length, standard length, dressing perecentage, edible portion and weight. The determination of heritability was based on regression between parents and offsprings. Structure of selection was conducted by individual selection. Parental stocks were selected based on individual breeding value. Natural breeding were used for first and second progeny.

Larvae were reared of eggs originated from individual female that had been mated to double males. Female were reared in 200-litre concrete tanks and newly hatched larvae were placed in 50-litre conical tanks. Water was recirculated through the tanks. The duration of rearing the larvae was 35 days.

Fingerlings were reared in cages replaced on 500 m2 earthen pond. Grow-out of juveniles were reared on 100 m2 earthen ponds. Juveniles were fed pellets with 30 % protein content. The duration of grow-out was 3 months.

The results showed that the heritability values of carapace length, standard length, weight, dressing percentage, and edible portion trait were in the level of medium to high. These suggest that giant freshwater prawn populations from Cimanuk, Cimandiri and Walanae are responsive to selection. Indeed, individual selection on edible portion trait show a positive response to selection. Therefore, selection programme can be utilized for genetic improvement of giant freshwater prawn.

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Heritabilitas merupakan rasio antara keragaman aditif dan keragaman fenotipe. Fungsi penting dari heritabilitas adalah bersifat prediktif pada generasi berikutnya. Nilainya dapat memperlihatkan nilai fenotipe yang pada akhirnya dapat digunakan sebagai breeding value . Nilai heritabilitas edible portion trait cukup tinggi pada udang galah. Oleh karena itu, program seleksi dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan mutu genetik udang galah.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan populasi udang dari Cimanuk (Tanjung Air, Jawa Barat), Cimandiri (Pelabuhan Ratu, Jawa Barat), dan Walanae (Maros, Sulawesi selatan) yang di koleksi dari alam.Penentuan heritabilitas dilaksanakan pada beberapa karakter yaitu panjang karapas, panjang standar, berat, dressing percentage, dan edible portion. Penetapan nilai heritabilitas didasarkan atas perbandingan antara induk dengan keturunannya. Struktur seleksi yang dilakukan adalah seleksi individu. Untuk memilih induk udang digunakan breeding value.Untuk memproduksi keturunan F, dan F2 dilakukan pemijahan secara alami. Pemeliharaan larva udang dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem air jernih. Untuk menghasilkan udang ukuran juvenil dan pembesaran udang, dilakukan di kolam tanah.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai heritabilitas pada karakter panjang karapas (0,68 - 0,86), panjang standar (0,43 - 0,90), berat tubuh (0,85?0,97), dressing percentage (0,49 - 0,95) dan edible portion trait (0,46- 0,67) memperlihatkan nilai medium sampai tinggi. Hasil yang diperoleh ini dapat di interpretasikan bahwa populasi udang dari Cimanuk, Cimandiri dan Walanae memperlihatkan indikasi respon yang positif, jika karakter-karakter tersebut akan di seleksi. Implementasi struktur seleksi individu pada edible portion trait populasi udang galah tersebut memberikan respon yang positif."