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"ABSTRAKResearch on the community structure of earthworm has been carried out on the edge area of the Gunung Halimun National Park. This research emphasizes on the population of earthworm, density, association, and the environmental effect. Three species of earthworm were found ; Allolobophora rosea, Pheretima javanica, and P. capensis , A. rosea belongs namely to Megascolecidae family, while both species of P. jacanica and P. capensis belongs to the Lumbricidae family. P. javanica was well distributed and found five research locations ; Citalahap, Cisarua 1, Cisarua I , Legokheulang and Cipongkor. P. capensis was not found in Cisarua I while A. rosea was not found in Citalahap. Population of these three species were Relatively high A. rosea (60591100m2), followed by P. javanica (1191 I. 100m2), and P. capensis (863 1 100m2). Distribution patterns of the earthworm at five locations seem to be clumped together into one species group. The association of the three species at five different locations were only found in Legokheulang; between P. javanica and P. capensis, and in Cipongkor between P. javanica and A. rosea. Beside pH and humidity of soil, other environmental factors such as air temperature, ground surface temperature, air pressure, light intensity, and thickness of mulch affect the earthworm populations. Observation on cocoa production showed that within 90 days, A. rosea produced three pea of cocon containing one egg as an embryo. This condition leds us to believe that A. rosea production is low, it means that this species is not commercially feasible. But, from the protein point of view that the content o1 A. rosea (38.63%) can be very useful as a source protein for animal chew, human food, and medicine."

"Inoculum for making tempe is usually made from the mould Rhizopus oryzae or Rhizopus oligospons. Large scale use of an inoculum from one source only (LKN-LIPI) might threaten the biodiversity of microorganisms in traditionally made inoculum. The potential use of other Rhizopus moulds as inoculum for tempe production should be examined. Rh. microsporus var. rhizopodifonnis UICC 520 isolated from Hibiscus from Manado and Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 isolated from tempe from Aceh were examined for their potentials to produce tempe.Rhizopus has also been known to be able to transform antioxidants such as isoflavone in tempe. The potential of Rhizopus microsporus v. Tiegh. var. chinensis (Saito) UICC 521 to transform glucoside isoflavones in soybean tempe has been evaluated.The results showed that Rh. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis UICC 520 has little potential as a tempe inoculum. Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521, however, is very potential as an inoculum to produce good tempe and produces abundant spores ((3-10)x106 cell/ml) on rice substrate.Two types of aglycon isoflavone, daidzein and genistein, were detected by TLC separation. The total isoflavone concentration during fermentation period of 24, 48, 72 hours was determined using HPLC. At 24 hours the concentration was 0.142 mg/g tempe, while at 48 and 72 hours the concentration were 0.181 and 0.135 mg/g tempe, respectively. The highest total isoflavone concentration was detected at 48 hours fermentation period. Hence, there was an increase of aglycon isoflavones up to 6000% after transformation of isoflavones in soybean by Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 when compared to the initial concentration before transformation."

"Five Dayak ethnic groups : Iban, Tamambaloh, Kantu', Bukat and Punan are residing inside the Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity. Most Dayak members are earning their life as farmers, hunters, poachers and collective of forest products either for commercial or personal purposes. They live harmoniously with their surrounding. Research on "Biodiversity of plants and the utility of landscape by communities of Dayak ethnics at Bentuang Karimun National Park and its vicinity", were carried out from November 1996 to May I997. The result had been presented in a thesis, which is composing of two subjects. First subject, concerning with "The indigenous knowledge and the landscape usage of the Dayak". This study is separated into two consecutive chapters. Data were collected by using exploration and square methods. Diversity index are obtained by using Shanon & Wiener formula 1949 (Kreb, 1989); Equation of plant community are calculated using Jaccard (Greig-Smith, 1983) and Cluster analysis is performanced by Ludwig & Reynolds formulation (1988). The result of the research shows that each ethnic group has particular characteristic as follows : a. Housing Sadap village (Dayak Iban), and Sungai Ulu' Palin ViIIage (Dayak Tamambaloh) have long and single house. The other villages such as Nanga Potan (Dayak Kantu'), Along Hovat (Dayak Bukat) and Nanga Bungan (Dayak Punan) do not have. Sadap village is the only village that has water pipe system, while other four villages do not. They get water from the river and from the rain water for drinking. At Along Hovat and Nanga Bungan village, the road has been made from concrete base, while the other three villages have not. Sungai Ulu' Palin village of the Dayak ethnic has the highest population, which. consisted of 92 families or 403 persons, while Nanga Potan village of the Dayak has the lowest, which consisted only 10 families or 45 persons. b. Home garden Based on the plant composition of the home garden at the five villages we visited that the Dayak practice different type of home garden . At Sadap village and Sungai Ulu' Palin village : the Iban and Tamambaloh prefer to grow industrial plants such as rubber Ffevea brasilliensis), while at Nanga Potan and along Hovat : Kantu' and Bukat prefer to grow fruits plants, such as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and durian (Dario zibethinus). However, the Punan at Nanga Bungan does not practice home garden , therefore, there is no any special plants in their garden. c. Variaton of plants at the active field Generally, at the five villages there are about 27 varieties of glutinous rice and 77 varieties of rice. Beside the main plant, they also grew the supplementary plants such as cucumber (Cucumis melo), cassava (Manihot esculenta), egg plant (Soiwnan sp.), small chili (Capsicum frutescens), "katuk" (Sauropus albicans), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and "paria" (Momordica charantia). d. Vegetation of the abandoned field. The composition of the plants at the abandoned garden has variation. The abandoned garden for 1 - 5 years were dominated by wild plants such as Themeda gigantea and Melastoma malabathricum. The abandoned garden for 5 - 10 years, were dominated by secondary plants such as Macaranga gigantea, A. trilaba, M lapadanta, and Threma orientalis. The abandoned field of more than 20 years are primarily dominated by Dipterocarpaceae. e. Cluster analysis Based on what we observed , we categorize three stages of growth such as "belta" , "trees", and "seedling" stadium on the field. There is an indication that the factor of human activities influence the plant's growth. Second subject, "Me indigenous knowledge and the utility of plant diversity of Dayak ethnic at the Bentuang Km-isms National Park and its vicinity". The purpose of the research was to study how the communities around the National Park benefing the landscape of the park. The data obtained by interviewing members of the community. a. The using of plants Categorization of plant use in five villages communities : 1. Edible plants : consisted of 129 species, 94 genus, and 42 families. 2. Housing materials : consisted of 63 species. 21 genus_ and 14 families.. And tfor agricultural tool consisted of 23 species, 13 genus, and 9 families. 3. Medicinal purposes : consisted of 55 species. 51 genus. and 34 families, 4. Ceremonials and rituals : consisted of 21 species, 19 genus, and 17 families. 5. Clothing : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families. 6. Utensils,rope and braid consisted of 27 species. 14 genus, and 9 families. 7. Dyes : consisted of 7 species, 7 genus, and 6 families.8. Firewood consisted of 19 species, 11 genus and 9 families9. Ornamental or decoration : consisted of 7 species, 6 genus, and 5 families.10. Poison and toxic ingredient : consisted of 4 species, 3 genus, and 2 families.b. The indigenous knowledge The indigenous knowledge of plants of the communities among the ethnics shows varies from one to another. The differences in the knowledge between those of the male and those of the female were tested using the proportional test."

"Pengaruh eksudat akar dan ekstrak daun Helianthus animus serta Ipomoea batatas terhadap pertumbuhan rumput gajah Penniseturn polystachyon telah dilakukan; diamati pula pertumbuhannya bila ditanam di dalam 1 pot bersama H. annuus atau I batatas. Pada penelitian ini, eksudat akar H. anrnrus mampu menurunkan persentase perkecambahan biji dan panjang kecambah rumput gajah sampai 23,87 dan 47 % terhadap kontrol dalam 90 jam; sementara eksudat akar I. batatas menunjukkan penurunan 22,37 % dan 23,83 %. Eksudat akar dari tanaman bunga matahari yang disiramkan selama 5 minggu pada rumput gajah umur 10 hari menekan tinggi gulma itu 13,62%; berat segar dan berat kering 39,56 dan 51,24 %. Eksudat akar tanaman ubi jalar hanya berpengaruh menekan berat segar dan berat kering gulma itu sampai 18,58 dan 18,40 %. Ekstrak daun H. annuus serta Ibatatas 4 % b.k. mampu menghambat persentase perkecambahan dan tinggi kecambah rumput gajah dalam 90 jam berturut-turut sebesar 38,45 dan 15,28 % serta 30,79 dan 19,45 %. Ekstrak daun H. annuus serta I. batatas 2 % b.k.yang disiramkan sekali seminggu tidak berpengaruh terhadap tinggi dan berat segar rumput gajah. Ekstrak daun H. annuus meredusir berat kering rumput gajah 19,15 %; sementara ekstrak dawn I. batatas menekan berat segar dan berat kering rumput gajah 9,6 dan 31,01 %. Rumput gajah yang ditanam dalam 1 pot bersama H. anmuus atau I batalas tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata dalam tinggi dan berat segar rumput gajah; namun berat kering menunjukkan penurunan 33,44 dan 39,63 % terhadap kontrol.

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Pennisetum polystachyon is native of Tropical Africa. It tins a high reproductive capacity and rapid seed germination; it becomes a troublesome weed when it takes over waste- and cultivated lands. It is now also found along the road sides and highways in Indonesia. The seeds are wind dispersed and have a resilient ability to survive drought and certain cultural and chemical control methods.

The concept that some crop plants may be allelopathic to certain weeds is receiving increased attention in the search for alternative weed control strategies. Helianthus anmrus and Ipomoea aquatica are amongst the crop plants that may have the allelopathic effect to some weeds.

This research aims to study the inhibiting potential of H. anmrus and I. batatas on the growth of P. polystachyon. This study observed the effects of root exudates and leaf extracts of H. annuus and I. batatas on the germination and growth of P. polystachyon; and also on the growth of this weed grown together with H. annuus or I. batatas.

Root exudates taken from the sand planted with H. annuus or I. batatas for 4 weeks diluted 1-- 4 times (5 replications each) inhibited the percentage of germination and the length of germination seeds in 90 hours. Root exudates of H. annuus reduced the percentage of germination up to 23.87 % and the length of the germination seeds up to 19.46 % of control; while root exudates off. batatas reduced both parameters 22.37 % and 23.83 % respectively.

Root exudates, liquid comes out from watering H. annuus or I. batatas (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 plants/pot), poured over a 10-days seedling of P. polystachyantwice a day during 5 weeks (5 replications each) reduced the height, fresh and dry weight of the weed. The height reduced up to 13.62 %; fresh and dry weight up to 39.56 % and 51.24 % by the root exudate of H. annuus; while those of I. batatas had no effect to the height of P. polystachyon but did reduce the fresh and dry weight up to18.58 and 18.40 %.

Leaf extracts of H. anmrus or I. batatas (0--4 % dry weight), with 5 replications each, reduced also the percentage of germination and length of the germination of seed of P. polystachyan. During 90 hours, leaf extracts of H. anmrus reduced the percentage of germination of the weed species up to 38.45 % and length of the germination of seeds up to 15.28 %; while those of I. batatas up to 30.79 % and 19.45 % respectively.

The 10 days-old seedling of P. polystachyan with 50 ml leaf extracts of H. annuus or I. batatas (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; and 2 % dry weight) once a week, showed a little difference effect on those weed growth a week after the third treatment. Leaf extract of H. annuus almost had no effect on the weed growth both in height, fresh and dry weight except the leaf extract of 2 % dry weight gave a very significant difference with those of control, it reduced up to 19.15 % of the control. Leaf extract off batatas did reduce the fresh and dry weight of the weed species. Tukey's test showed that it reduced significantly the fresh weight to 9.6 % and reduced very significantly the dry weight up to 31.01 %.

H. anmsus -- P. polystachyon and I batatas - P.polyslachyon grown together in a pot (0-5; 1-4; 2-3; 3-2; 4-1; and 5-0) for 5 weeks; 4 replications each, gave another result; both had no effect on height and fresh weight of P. polyslachyon. H. anmrus - P. polyslachyon and I. batatas - P. polystachyon 4-1 reduced the dry weight significantly up to 33.44 and 39.63 %."

"Copepoda merupakan zooplankton yang dominan di lautan, dan mempunyai peranan penting dalam rantai makanan di ekosistern perairan, termasuk perairan mangrove (estuarine). Penelitian mengenai Copepoda di perairan mangrove Cilacap, Jawa Tengah, telah dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 1997 dan April 1998. Dari hasil identifikasi ditemukan sebanyak 25 jenis yang termasuk dalam 17 marga, 12 suku, dan 4 bangsa (ordo). Calanoida merupakan ordo yang paling besar, dengan jumlah anggota 17 jenis. Frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi ditemukan pada Acartia erythraea dan Pseudodiaptomus incisus, masing-masing 58,34% dan 52,08%. A. erythraea paling melimpah pada bulan April (rata-rata 7,81% dan 10,59%) dengan kepadatan maksimal 102 ind./l.; sedangkan P. incisus paling melimpah pada bulan Oktober (rata-rata 6,56% dan 14,73%) dengan kepadatan maksimal 62 ind./l.Keanekaragaman jenis Calanoida berkisar antara 0,424-0,849, kemerataan individu tiap jenis 0,256-0,429, kekayaan jenis 0,610-2,471, kesamaan jenis antara dua lokasi 0,182-0,933. Hasil analisis kluster pada musim dan waktu pengamatan yang berbeda, tidak terbentuk pengelompokan. Meskipun demikian terdapat kecenderungan pada St. 1, 2, dan 3 membentuk kelompok yang terpisah dari St. 4. Penyebaran dan kelimpahan Copepoda sangat dipengaruhi oleh salinitas. Kisaran salinitas pada bulan Oktober 18,1-31,7 %0 dan 9,2-29,1 %0 pada bulan April. Selain salinitas, pengaruh musim juga turut menentukan komposisi jenis dan kelimpahan Copepoda.

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Copepods is a dominant group of marine zooplankton, and has an important role in the marine food chain. Copepods lives in various habitats, in freshwater, estuarine, and marine. Information on copepods in Indonesia mostly came from expedition reports on East Indonesian waters. Nevertheless, information concerning copepods in mangrove waters (estuarine) is very limited. The Cilacap mangrove waters has a unique ecosystem. It has high estuarine biodiversity lives, in which of them is copepods. From this fact, a study on the taxonomy and community structure of copepods in Cilacap mangrove waters was conducted on October 1997 and April 1998.The aims of study is to know the diversity and fluctuation of copepods species, the relationship community structure of copepods with the environmental factors in Cilacap mangrove waters, to available information on description and illustration of copepods that area from two seasons.Twenty-five species belonging to 12 families was recorded. They include 17 species of Calanoida, three species of Poecilostomatoida, four species of Cyclopoida, and one species of Harpacticoida. Two species showed high frequency of occurrence and abundance, i.e. Pseudadiaptonius incises at dry season, and Acartia erytlhraea at wet season. This indicated that the two species were common and distributed more widely than others.The highest diversity and richness indices of copepods species were found in Sapuregel (St. 3) at two seasons, and Teluk Penyu had highest evenness index at dry season. Donan mouth river and Sapuregel had the highest similarity index at dry season. Cluster analysis resulted in one group at all study on October 1997 and April 1998. Stations 1, 2, and 3 had the highest relationship than station 4. The water conditions of Cilacap mangrove waters showed that salinity ranged from 9,2-31,7 %0 temperature ranged from 25-32°C, pH ranged from 6,58-8,74, turbidity ranged from 0-7 NTU, DHL ranged from 10,4-44,7 mg/l, and DO ranged from 4,40-8,52 mg/l."

"A research on the desiccation sensitivity and cryopreservation ability of rambutan excised embryo have been conducted. Excised embryo was desiccated into target moisture content of 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%. It was found that the critical level for moisture content is 20% with 60% viability, 7.431 % per etmal growth rate and 929 µs electric conduction. The excised embryo with 20% moisture content was them soaked in 3 different protectant and stored in cryotube. The result showed that the temperature success storage was on - 10°C for 10 hours with 95.7%-100% viability. Storage at -20°C the same soaking time (10 hours) gave only 10% viability. It is concluded that excised embryo of rambutan seeds will not be successful in cryopreservation.Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L) is a fruit native to the Malesian region. It has many botanical relatives including the "rambutan Irian or Matoa". Based on its storage characteristic the rambutan seeds are categorized into recalsitrant seed. This seed is unable to germinate when dried and stored at low temperature. However one of the best method known to store seeds is to put them in liquid nitrogen in a dry condition. This method is called cryopreservation and it is usually done after certain chemical have been added to the seeds as a tissue protectant. Based on this evidence a research on how rambutan seed could stand cryopreservation has been conducted.

Two kinds of laboratory procedure were done. The first was to investigate on how rambutan excised embryo could withstand drying. Excised embryo were desiccated into target moisture content of 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, and 10%_ The observation focus on parameter observed were the percentage of viability, growth rate and electric conductiveness, The result show, that excised embryo of rambutan seeds were still capable to germinate on 20% of water content with 60% viability, 7.431% per etmal growth rate and 929 Its value of electric conduction.

The second procedure aim to know the best protectants to be used as well as the lowest temperature that the excised embryo could withstand. The excised embryo were given three kinds of protectants, Le. sucrose, glycerol and combination of sucrose and glycerol, for 2,5,10,15 and 18 hours soaking time respectively. This lot of excised embryo was then divided into groups and each group were stared in - 10°C and -20°C respectively.

Statistical analysis shows that the interaction between type of protectan and soaking time and storage at -10°C is significant for the value of p < 0.05. It was found that 10 hours soaking time of gave the best percentage of viability (with the application 100% sucrose, 96.7% glycerol, 96.7% combination of the chemical) and low value of electric conductiveness (43.33 µs, 36.00 µs and 35.67µs respectively). However the soaking time of 5, 15, and 18 hours did not give a good result, When stored at -20°C and 10 hours soaking time of the viability went down to 6-10%. Other combination of soaking time gave 0% viability.

It can be then concluded that rambutan excised embryo can only be dried down to 20% moisture content without significant damage. Subsequent storage at - 20oC gave a survival level of 6-10% viability. However, a future investigation on its cryopreservation method is proposed."

"ABSTRAKPentingnya penyimpanan biji telah dikenal manusia semenjak manusia mulai mendomestikasi tumbuhan. Telah diketahui bentuk hubungan antara kadar air dan viabilitas pada biji utuh dan potongan biji yang mengandung embrio Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Viabilitas diukur dengan nilai daya hantar listrik (DHL atau konduktivitas). Setiap 1,5 jam sekali dilakukan pengamatan terhadap kadar air biji dan nilai DHL yang dilakukan sampai waktu pengeringan 6 jam melalui 3 macam metode pengeringan (silica gel, matahari, dan oven suhu 40°C).Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nyata antara kadar air awal biji utuh dan kadar air awal dan potongan biji yang mengandung embrio. Dari ketiga metode pengeringan, silica gel mengeringkan material paling cepat, diikuti pengeringan dengan matahari, dan oven. Bentuk potongan biji yang mengandung embrio lebih cepat mengering daripada biji utuh. Kerentanan biji Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. terhadap pengeringan memperlihatkan bentuk model regresi yang berbeda antara biji utuh dan potongan biji yang mengandung embrio. Kadar air diduga melalui perhitungan berat kering. Diperoleh hasil bahwa bentuk hubungan yang terjadi pads biji utuh adalah sesuai dengan model Y = 1339,544 - 22,1332X dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,978, sedangkan pada potongan biji yang mengandung embrio adalah mengikuti model Y=965,575 - 14,772X dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,948. Ada pun X adalah peubah kadar air (peubah bebas) dengan Y sebagai peubah viabilitas dengan nilai DHL (peubah).Biji nangka mampu bertahan pada suhu 14°C dengan viabilitas 100% dalam kondisi kadar air tanpa pengeringan dan kadar air 50% selama dua bulan atau lebih. Walau pun demikian kadar air kondisi tanpa pengeringan masih tetap mampu bertahan pada suhu 26°C selama dua bulan. Kadar air awal biji berpengaruh nyata dalam menentukan viabilitas biji selama disimpan.

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ABSTRACT

Seed is the most convenient part of the plant to store and have been known to survive for many weeks. The basic principles of a seed bank are to collect, conserve and provide or exchange germplasm. Seed can be deposited for different periods - short, mid, and long term for different purposes. The longevity of seed is considerable.

Seed can be classified into two groups, orthodox and recalcitrant. Many of seed of tropical tree is recalcitrant. Because many tree species in tropic have the economic value, so study of recalcitrant seed is needed. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship between the seed moisture content decreased with the viability decreased. Therefore, the results can be used as a basic information for the further research.

The research was conducted on two kind of material, the excised embryo and whole seed. Each of those materials was desiccated with three kind of desiccation methods - silica gel, sun, and oven_ The viability is known by a conductivity value.

The effect of desiccation on storability of recalcitrant seed of Artocarpus heterophyllus was studied. As the seed moisture of A. heterophyllus decreased, viability decreased while conductivity value increased. The excised embryo could be desiccated more rapidly rather than whole seed. The silica gel seem to be efective method for seed drying than that of the sun and the oven.

Whole seeds were stored in sealed thin plastic container. Seed with seed coat could germinate on 26°C in one month. In sealed container there were no significantly different of moisture content during eight weeks storage or more. Seed without desiccation is best for maintaining their viability especially at 14°C in sealed container."

"Kromosom merupakan massa padat dari materi genetik yang terdapat dalam inti sel yang menentukan pewarisan sifat genetik suatu spesies dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Analisis kariotipe kromosom umurrmya didasarkan kepada dua sifat kromosom, yaitu jumlah diploid kromosom dalam sebuah sel somatik dan karakter morfologis setiap kromosom dalam set tersebut. Karakteristik morfologis sebuah kromosom ditentukan oleh posisi sentromer serta panjang relatif kromosom terhadap kromosom-kromosom lairmya dalam satu set haploid.Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mempelajari kariotipe monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) dan beruk (Macaca namesirina). Kedua spesies primata ini banyak digunakan dalam berbagai perielitian ekologi, tingkah laku, nutrisi dan genetika, serta banyak pula dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai penelitian biomedis untuk studi berbagai jenis penyakit manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari jumlah kromosom, karakteristik kariotipe dan penyusunan idiogram monyet ekor panjang dan beruk, serta membandingkan kariotipe antar kedua spesies primata tersebut.Preparat kromosom untuk studi kariotipe dan penyusunan idiogram dipersiapkan dua kultur sel darah putih (leukosit), yang dikoleksi dari darah periferi tiga ekor monyet ekor panjang jantan dan tiga ekor beruk jantan. Kultur jangka pendek dengan penggunaan mitogen PHA dan ConA dilakukan pada suhu 37°C selama 72 jam. Melalui perlakuan peighambatan pembentukan spindel dengan penberian kolkisin dua jam sebelum akhir kultur, perlakuan hipotonis dengan larutan KCI 0.075 M dan perlakuan fiksasi dengan larutan methanol dan asam asetat dalam perbandingan 3:1, diperoleh selsel metafase untuk analisis kariotipe.Dari perhitungan kromosom dalam tiap sebaran metafase didapatkan bahwa jumlah diploid kromosom baik pada monyet ekor panjang maupun bank adalah 42 buah, terdiri dari 40 buah autosom, sebuah kromosom X dan sebuah kromosom Y. Panjang relatif kromosom untuk monyet ekor panjang dan beruk masing-masing berkisar antara 0.6324 ± 0.0063 dan 0.6317 ± 0.0056 (kromosom Y) sampai dengan 7.3705 ± 0.0106 dan 7.3714 ± 0.0095 (kromosom No. 1). Indeks sentromer untuk monyet ekor panjang dan beruk masing-masing berkisar antara 0 dan 0 (kromosom Y) sampai dengan 49.295 f 0.016 dan 49.295 ± 0.014 (kromosom No. 11). Nisbah lengan kromosom monyet ekor panjang dan beruk masing-masing berkisar antara 1.0284 ± 0.0006 dan 1.1024 f 0.0006 (kromosom No. 11) sampai dengan 2.6819 ± 0.0142 dan 2.6812 ± 0.0121 (kromosom No. 15), sedangkan nilai nisbah lengan untuk kromosom Y tidak dapat dihitung karena sentromer yang terminal (telosentrik).Dari pengamatan dan perhitungan didapat jumlah dan morfologi kromosom monyet ekor panjang tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (P>0.05) dengan jumlah dan morfologi kromosom beruk Perbedaan morfologi dan anatomi yang sangat besar antara kedua spesies ini tidak tercermin dari kariotipenya (struktur makro materi genetik), diduga ada pads perbedaan struktur gen-gen, protein dan kodon-kodon dalam rangkaian DNA kedua spesies. Dengan pola pita replikasi terdeteksi adanya perbedaan pole pita pada tiga bush kromosom, yaitu pads kromosom No. 1, No. 5 dan No. 16.

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An experiment has been conducted to study karyotypes of long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. The objective of the experiment is to obtain information about chromosome number and their morphological characters, to construct idiograms for each species, and to compare the kariotype of long-tailed macaque and of pig-tailed macaque.

Chromosome preparation for the karyotype study and idiogram construction was obtained from Ieukocyte cells culture. Peripheral blood samples were collected from respectively three male long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques and cultured using standard culture procedure.

Observation on metaphase chromosome spreads obtained show that both long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques have diploid chromosome number of 42, consisting of 20 pairs of autosomes, an X chromosome, and an Y chromosome. Relative chromosome length for long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques ranged from 0.6324 ± 0.0063 and 0.6317 ± 0.0056 (Y chromosome) to 7.3705 ± 0.0106 and 7.3714 ± 0.0095 (chromosome No. 1), respectively. Centromere index for long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques ranged from 0 and 0 (Y chromosome) to 49.295 ± 0.016 and 49.295 ± 0.014 (chromosome No. 11), respectively. Arm ratio for long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques ranged from 1.0284 ± 0.0006 and 1.1024 ± 0.0006 (chromosome No. 11) to 2.6819 ± 0.0142 and 2.6812 ± 0.0121 (chromosome No. 15), respectively. Arm ratio for Y chromosome was not calculated because of its terminal centromere position.

Observation, measurement and statistical analyses show that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between chromosome number and morphology of long-tailed macaque and those of pig-tailed macaque. Using replication banding technique, different banding pattern were detected at chromosome No. 3, 5 and 16. Great differences in anatomical and life history variables between these two primate species seem to be due to differences in the level of genes, proteins and codons in DNA strands of the two species."

"ABSTRAKPenggunaan fungisida bertujuan untuk melindungi benih dari serangan cendawan patogen penyebab penyakit sehingga benih dapat disimpan lama serta memberantas cendawan penyebab penyakit pada tanaman.Dua macam penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium dan rumah kaca PAU IPB di Dermaga Bogor untuk mengetahui pengaruh fungisida folirfos pada beberapa konsentrasi (0,04%, 0.12% dan 0,20%) serta fungisida ridomil pada konsentrasi 1,16%, 1,54% dan 2,31%.Penelitian pertama dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fungisida terhadap perkecambahan benih jagung SD II dan perkecambahan spora cendawan mikoriza arbuskula. Metode yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 ulangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida folirfos pada konsentrasi rendah, sedang dan tinggi tidak menghambat perkecambahan benih jagung dan perkecambahan spora Gigaspora rosea serta perkecambahan Glomus manihotis. Penggunaan ridomil menghambat perkecambahan benih jagung, tetapi tidak menghambat perkecambahan spora Gigaspora rosea dan Glomus manihotis.Penelitian kedua untuk mengetahui pengaruh fungisida terhadap infeksi spora CMA pada akar tanaman jagung dan jumlah spora CMA pada tanah basah dan kering bekas pertanaman jagung dengan metode rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 ulangan. Pengaruh fungisida dan mikoriza terhadap jumlah daun dan tinggi tanaman jagung menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (faktorial) dengan 3 ulangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida tidak berpengaruh terhadap infeksi CMA pada akar tanaman jagung dan jumlah spora CMA pada tanah basah dan tanah kering. Kombinasi perlakuan fungisida dan spora CMA juga tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah daun dan tinggi tanaman jagung.Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida folirfos dapat diberikan pada benih jagung dan pada spora Gigaspora rosea dan Glomus manihotis, sedangkan fungisida ridomil tidak dapat diberikan pada benih jagung, namun dapat diberikan pada spora Gigaspora rosea dan Glomus manihotis.Untuk keberadaan CMA pada tanaman jagung penggunaan fungisida tidak mempengaruhinya. Sedarigkan jumlah dan tinggi tanaman jagung tidak dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan fungisida dan mikoriza.

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ABSTRACT

One of the purposes of using fungicides is to protect seeds against the attack of pathogenic fungi that cause diseases, so that seeds can be stored longer and fungi that cause disease can be eliminated.

Two experiments were performed in a green house of PAU IPB Bogor, Dermaga, to find out the influences of folirfos fungicide with low concentration (0.04%), medium concentration (0,12%) and high concentration (0,20%), and ridomil fungicide with low concentration (1,16%), medium concentration (1,54%) and high concentration (2,31%) to SD II variety of sweet corn seed germination, to the spore germination of vecsicular - arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi, Gigaspora rosea and Glomus manihofis, VA mycorrhizai fungi infection on roots, the number of VA mycorrhizal fungi spores on wet soil and dry soil, the number of leaves and the height of corn trees.

The first experiment was performed to find out the influences of folirfos fungicide and ridomil to corn seeds germination and germination of VA mycorrhizal fungi spores.

The results showed that the use of folirfos fungicide with low, medium and high concentrations did not inhibit the the germination of corn seeds, whereas ridomil fungicide with low, medium and high concentrations inhibited the germination of corn seeds. For the germination of Gigaspora rosea, folirfos fungicide with low, medium and high concentrastiens did not inhibit the germination of Gigaspora rosea, whereas ridomil fungicide with medium and high concentrations did not inhibit the germination of Gigaspora rosea either. Ridomil fungicide with low concentration (F4) was still able to increase the germination of Gigaspora rosea amounting to 64,16%, whereas for the germination of Glomus manihofis, the use folirfos and ridomil fungicide could increase the germination of Glomus manihofis spores. Ridomil fungicide with medium concentration (F5) was still able to increase the germination of Glomus manihotis spores amounting to 22,5%.

The second experiment was performed to find out the influences of folirfos fungicide to the VA mycorrhizal fungi on roots of corn trees, and the amount of VA spores on wet soil and dry soil which were previously planted with corn trees, as well as the influences of both fungicides and a mycorrhizal inoculum to the number of leaves and the height of corn trees.

The results showed that folirfos fungicide and ridomil did not influence the infection of VA mycorrhizal fungi on the roots of corn trees and the amount of VA spores on wet soil and dry soil. The combination of treatment of fungicide and VA spores did not significantly influence (p>0,05) the number of leaves and the height of corn trees, 1 can be concluded, from the fisrt experiment, that the use of folirfos fungicide with any level of concentration can be given to the seeds of corn because it did not inhibit germination, whereas ridomil fungicide with low, medium and high concentrations can not be given to the seeds of corn because it inhibit germination. As for the germination of VA mycorrhizal fungi, ridomil fungicide with low concentration (F4) can be given to Gigaspora rosea, because the spores were still able to germinate up to 64,14%.

From the second experiment I can conclude that folirfos fungicide as well as ridomil fungicide with any level of concentration can be used for corn trees containing mycorrhizal fungi, because both fungicide did not influence the existence of VA mycorrhizal fungi on the trees, the number of leaves as well the height of the corn trees."

"Hasil-hasil investigasi epidemiologi akan sangat membantu para dokter hewan untukmemperoleh informasi dalam penanganan suatu penyakit. Demikian pula investigasi epidemiologi pada manajemen orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan, akan sangat bermanfaat memberikan informasi dan data di dalam menyelenggarakan pengelolaan orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan. Data tingkah laku orangutan di dalam kandang, sistem perkandangan, mutu dan jumlah pakan yang diberikan, catatan tentang status kesehatan, uji tuberkulinasi, hematologi normal, elektrokardiogram normal, kimia klinik normal, prosedur kontrasepsi, kesemuanya ini bisa dipakai di dalam pengelolaan kesehatan orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan. Populasi orangutan kalimantan di alam makin lama makin menurun, antara lain disebabkan oleh perburuan liar. Oleh karena itu bagaimanapun juga usaha reintroduksi harus dilakukan secara berkesinambungan pula. Untuk tujuan itu diperlukan generasi orangutan yang memenuhi sarat untuk di reintroduksikan ke alam. Jadi Kebun Binatang harus mampu menghasilkan generasi orangutan yang sehat, tidak berpenyakit menular, tidak mengidap endoparasit, ektoparasit, serta tetap memiliki sifat-sifat alaminya. Orangutan termasuk anggota kera besar yang mempunyai kantung udara luas dan berkelok-kelok, sehingga memudahkan terjadinya infeksi yang bersifat kronis. Pada umumnya radang kantong udara pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Surabaya dart Kebun Binatang di Luar Negeri kesemuanya bersifat kronis. Dan eksudatnya dapat diisolasi bakteria Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Proteus vulganis, Escherechia coll. Bakteri-bakteri ini pada umurnnya bukan patogen juga terhadap manusia, tetapi pada isolasi kuman dari eksudat radang kantong udara pada orangutan jantan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan juga ditemukan bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae yang sangat patogen terhadap manusia, satwa liar, hewan ternak dan hewan kesayangan. Bahkan Streptococcus pneumoniae ini bisa menular dari satwa kepada manusia yang disebut zoonosis dan dari manusia ke satwa yang disebut anthropozoonosis. Radang kantong udara pada orangutan Kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan dan Kebun Binatang Surabaya ini, baru pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia. Ditemukannya bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae di eksudat radang kantong udara pada orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan juga baru pertama kali dilaporkan.

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Kalimantan orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, Hoppius, 1763) is member of the great ape group which is endemic in Kalimantan island of Indonesia. Its fur color is reddish, dark or light brown. The fur is quite long and dense, especially at the shoulders and arms. Its head rump length (HRL) is approximately 1.25 - 1.5 meters (exceptionally, the HRL might reach 1.8 meters). The average body weight of the female is about 40 kg and of the male is about 75 - 100 kg. The orangutans is highly adapted to an arboreal mode of life, therefore it is considered as the true arboreal member of the great ape group. It explores the jungle of Kalimantan by swinging from branch to another branch of the tree. Its swinging movement is supported by its arms, which are longer and stronger than the arms of the other great apes. Its arms spread is about 2.25 meters. Most of the males have large cheek flanges which consist of fibrous tissue, at the side of the face. The width and length of the cheek flanges mature male is about 10 centimeters and 20 centimeters respectively. It also has a throat sac, which is called "air sac". The sac is extremely developed and can take in several litters of air. Due to the drastic decrease of its in situ population, caused by illegal hunting and other reasons, the orangutan has been considered as an endangered species (IUCN - Appendix I) and its existence has been strictly protected by law (Fauna Protection Ordinance, 1931 - Stbl 134 and 226). Recently, reintroduction program has been considered as an effective approach to conserve the orangutan population in its in situ habitat. This program begins with the breeding program of the orangutan in the captive environment which is a simulated environment of its native habitat. The goal of captive breeding program is to bear the offspring of the orangutan which will be reintroduced to its native habitat later on, in healthy condition, free from infectious deseases, endo and ecto parasites and still bears its natural behavior. The Zoological Park would be the right institution to conduct the program. The captive (ex situ) breeding program of the orangutan has been being conducted by the Ragunan Zoological Park in Jakarta to study epidemiological, behavior, and other biological aspects of the orangutan in order to support the reintroduction program. Specifically, the study has examined and or investigated the medical records, feed and nutrition, behavior, tuberculin test, contraceptive procedure, normal electrocardiogram, normal hematology, clinical chemistry, caging contruction and management (include sanitation), preventive and curative disease treatment and raising procedure. The medical data, which has been collected for five years, indicated that the orangutan raised in the open cages was healthier than the one raised in the close cages. It was observed that the former group was rarely infected by any diseases. The investment of the open cage was more expensive than the close cage during construction period, but relatively very small cost was needed for maintenance in the long run. The air sacullitis case among the orangutan in Kalimantan has never been reported. This disease is a chronic disease. However, the case was reported among the orangutan raised in the foreign countries. It was reported that the case was caused by the Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp and by Ischerechia call. These bacteria are not pathogen. The examination of air saculitis exudate derived from the orangutan raised in the Ragunan Zoo, has been sucsesful in isolating the Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacteria is pathogen and anthropozoonosis to human and to other wild or domesticated animals."